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Query: UMLS:C0015672 (fatigue)
 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infectious tenosynovitis was diagnosed in three separate outbreaks in a commercial White Leghorn hens, though not previously reported in adult White Leghorns (3). Clinically affected flocks had decreased production and increased daily mortality, with many hens showing signs of the so called "cage-fatigue bluecomb" syndrome. Most sick birds had lesions typical of infectious tenosynovitis, with pronounced cyanosis and dehydration. Dead birds had signs of acute septicemia. The course of the disease (about 8 weeks) was not altered by the medicinal regimens tried. Young laying-age flocks were most seriously affected. Production losses averaged 15 to 20%, and mortality reached 5% per month during the recovery phase.
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PMID:Infectious tenosynovitis in commercial White Leghorn chickens. 18 15

1. Intravenous infusion of the individual components of the renin-angiotensin system caused drinking in dogs in water balance. 2. Angiotensin II was the most potent and rapidly acting peptide inducing drinking. The minimum effective rate of infusion was between 8.3 and 16.6 X 10(-12) mole kg-1 min-1 which yield blood levels of angiotensin II that fell well within physiological limits for the dog and were mildly pressor. Angiotensin I and synthetic renin substrate caused less drinking than angiotensin II, and angiotensin III was the least effective dipsogen. 3. Renin caused significant drinking when infused I.V. at a rate of 0.5 u. min-1 for 15 min. Drinking was slower in onset and continued for longer than after other components of the renin-angiotensin system. 4. Within the dose range 1875-15,000 X 10(-12) mole of angiotensin II the amount of water drunk depended more on the rate of infusion than on the duration of the infusion. 5. During an I.V. infusion of angiotensin II lasting 2 hr, the rate of drinking was greatest during the first 15 min. After this declined progressively. 6. A delay of 1 hr after the start of an intravenous infusion of angiotensin II before access to water was allowed, did not significantly reduce the amount of water drunk. Nor did infusion of isotonic saline for 105 min reduce drinking in response to a subsequent infusion of angiotensin II. However, a preload of dilute milk approximately equal in volume to the amount of water normally drunk in response to I.V. angiotensin II significantly reduced drinking. Therefore the dog stopped drinking during long-term infusions of angiotensin II owing to the action of satiety mechanisms and not to tachyphylaxis or fatigue. 7. Intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II, angiotensin I, synthetic renin substrate and angiotensin III, at 40 X 10(-12) mole min-1 also caused drinking. Intakes of water were similar to the intakes after I.V. infusion at six times the arterial rate, except that angiotensin I was relatively less effective by intracarotid infusion than by I.V. infusion. 8. Renin, infused at 0.5 u. min-1 for 15 min, was much less effective by intracarotid infusion than by intravenous. 9. These results are compatible with a role for circulating angiotensin II in the thirst of hypovolaemia or moderate extracellular dehydration.
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PMID:Systemic angiotensin-induced drinking in the dog: a physiological phenomenon. 65 Apr 70

Since the obstetrician has the first opportunity to influence the mother, he should be knowledgeable about breast-feeding. Prenatal preparation, discussion of fears and anxieties, and the provision of literature are outlined as elements of successful nursing. The anatomy and physiology of nursing include a discussion in lay terms of milk production and milk ejection (let down), nipple examination, nursing posture, simulated nursing technique, breast massage and manual expression. Elements of nursing during hospital stay discussed are parturition, the nursing staff, jack-nifing the infant in preparation for feeding, breaking suction, feeding schedule, milk tension, foremilk, ejection reflex and the formation of hindmilk, aids in milk ejection, frequency and length of feedings, the use of both breasts, the draught, demand feeding and rooming in, dehydration, brassiere, uterine cramps, sore nipples, prematurity, cesarean section, and multiple births. Infant requirements, jaundice, postpartum examination, stools, colic, rashes, medication, contraception, bottle-feeding, maternal diet, fatigue and stress, leaking, the working mother, solid foods, breast infection and weaning are discussed as a part of the posthospital period.
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PMID:The obstetrician's approach to the breasts and breastfeeding. 112 77

The physiologic and performance effects of low-level reconnaissance flying in hot environments were documented and quantitated. RF-4C pilots and weapons system operators were studied in hot and cool seasons during both high and low missions to distinguish environmental temperature from flight level effects. ECG, sternal and thigh skin temperatures, and cockpit temperature at helmet level were monitored continuously. Body weights, oral temperatures, sweat Na/K ratios, and urine electrolytes, steroids, and catecholamines, as well as sleep and fatigue scores, were measured. Mission performance was assessed using photo target acquisition scores. RF-4C aircrews are exposed to moderate heat stress and acute dehydration (1.2% over 90 min) during low-level summer flights were cockpit temperature occasionally exceeded 50 degrees C. Photo target scores indicated that the potential for crew error was increased, and that the margin of safety was accordingly decreased, during such hot missions. The RF-4C cockpit air conditioning system proved inadequate.
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PMID:Biomedical cost of low-level flight in a hot environment. 118 Jul 79

Ingestion of approximately 30-60 g of carbohydrate during each hour of exercise will generally be sufficient to maintain blood glucose oxidation late in exercise and delay fatigue. Since the average rates of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption exceed 1,250 ml.h-1 for water and solutions containing up to 8% carbohydrate, exercising people can be supplemented with both carbohydrate and fluids at relatively high rates. When cyclists exercise at competitive intensities for 2 h in the heat with a sweat rate of 1,400 ml.h-1, it is clear that the closer that fluid consumption matches sweating rate (at least up to 80% of sweating rate), the better. Increasing dehydration, due to inadequate fluid consumption, directly impairs stroke volume, cardiac output, and skin blood flow, which results in larger increases in body core temperature, heart rate, and ratings of the difficulty of exercise. This same phenomenon probably also applies to running, which argues against the notion that a certain amount of dehydration (i.e., up to 3%) is permissible and without major cardiovascular consequences. However, runners generally drink only 500 ml.h-1 of fluid and thus allow themselves to dehydrate at rates of 500-1,000 ml.h-1. The performance question boils down to "Will the time lost as a result of drinking larger volumes be compensated by the physiological benefits drinking produces and the faster running pace that might be achieved during the last half of the race?" However, if the goal is safety, which means minimizing hyperthermia, there is no question that the closer that the rate of drinking can match the rate of dehydration, the better.
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PMID:Benefits of fluid replacement with carbohydrate during exercise. 140 5

One of the most important nutritional goals amongst athletes is to maintain adequate energy and fluid balance, since these are subject to relatively rapid changes and are directly related to performance and health. This may especially be the case when exercise intensity is high. Furthermore, when due to exercise and environmental stress food and fluid intake become depressed. In such conditions there may be a dramatic increase in the utilization of carbohydrate (CHO), fluid, and in some instances protein. These increased requirements may then not be covered. Insufficient replacement of CHO may lead to hypoglycemia, altered protein metabolism, central fatigue and exhaustion. Large sweat losses may pose a risk to health by inducing severe dehydration, impaired blood circulation and heat transfer, leading to heat exhaustion and collapse. Inadequate CHO and protein intake leads to a negative nitrogen balance, which over the long term will lead to a loss of muscle mass. In the scope of this presentation we will refer to the most important nutritional factors which are known to affect performance over a short term, at sea level and altitude.
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PMID:Nutritional aspects of health and performance at lowland and altitude. 148 43

The rate of metabolic heat production during prolonged exercise may be increased to 15-20 times that at rest. Evaporation of sweat secreted onto the skin can effectively limit the rise in body temperature which would otherwise occur, but results in the loss of water and electrolytes from the body. Dehydration and an increased thermal load can accelerate the onset of fatigue during exercise. The available evidence supports the idea that ingestion of fluids during prolonged exercise can improve performance. Heart rate and rectal temperature will generally be lower, and plasma volume will be better maintained when fluids are given. There is, however, no general agreement on the optimum formulation nor on the frequency or volume of drinking that is most appropriate. In practice, the ideal solution will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and intensity of the exercise, the environmental conditions and the characteristics of the individual. The variation between individuals is, however, large and the optimum strategy can only be established by subjective experience.
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PMID:Fluid balance and exercise. 148 52

Intense exercise (i.e.; above 60% VO2max) can be maintained for prolonged periods provided sufficient carbohydrate is available for energy and the heat generated from muscle metabolism does not cause excessive hyperthermia and/or dehydration due to sweating. It is clear that people should ingest carbohydrate during prolonged exercise (i.e.; longer than 1-2 h), which causes fatigue because of an inadequate supply of blood glucose and that fluids should also be ingested in an attempt to offset dehydration and reduce hyperthermia. Ingestion of approximately 30-60 g of carbohydrate (i.e.; glucose, sucrose, or starch) during each hour of exercise will generally be sufficient to maintain blood glucose oxidation late in exercise and delay fatigue. Since the average rates of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption can reach 1 l.h-1 for water and solutions containing up to 8% carbohydrate, exercising people can be supplemented with both carbohydrate and fluids at relatively high rates (over 60 g.h-1 of carbohydrate and 1 l.h-1 of fluid). Therefore, when sweat rate is not high (i.e.; less than 1 l.h-1), the addition of carbohydrate to fluids, and vice versa, does not prevent adequate supplementation of each, especially if large volumes are consumed to keep the stomach somewhat full and thus increase gastric emptying. Therefore, in most situations there are no trade-offs between fluid and carbohydrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Carbohydrate and fluid ingestion during exercise: are there trade-offs? 160 39

An outbreak of an illness suggestive of boric acid poisoning occurred among 51 persons who had eaten lunch at the cafeteria of the United States Agency for International Development in Islamabad, Pakistan, on February 11, 1990. Affected patients had headache and severe myalgias 2 to 4 hours after eating lunch. Fever, nausea and vomiting, red eyes, and photophobia were also reported. Among 25 patients (49%), a sunburn-like inflammation of the skin of the face developed, which subsequently desquamated. One patient required hospitalization for 1 day because of dehydration. Among all patients, the only symptoms remaining 72 hours after the meal were mild headache, fatigue, and peeling skin. Those persons who became ill were more likely to have eaten one particular food item (minestrone soup) for lunch than were those who did not become ill. A similar illness has been described following ingestion of boric acid. However, the results of an analysis of serum samples collected 3 days after the lunch from 24 patients did not show boron above normal background levels. Because of boron's short half-life, however, these data do not rule out the possibility that patients may have had higher boron levels at the onset of the illness.
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PMID:An outbreak of a food-related illness resembling boric acid poisoning. 163 94

Classic studies conducted in the 1920s and 1930s established that the consumption of a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet before exercise and the ingestion of glucose during exercise delayed the onset of fatigue, in part by preventing the development of hypoglycaemia. For the next 30 to 40 years, however, interest in CHO ingestion during exercise waned. Indeed, it was not until the reintroduction of the muscle biopsy technique into exercise physiology in the 1960s that a series of studies on CHO utilisation during exercise appeared. Investigations by Scandinavian physiologists showed that muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged exercise coincided with the development of fatigue. Despite this finding, attempts to delay fatigue during prolonged exercise focused principally on techniques that would increase muscle glycogen storage before exercise. The possibility that CHO ingestion during exercise might also delay the development of muscle glycogen depletion and hence, at least potentially, fatigue, was not extensively investigated. This, in part, can be explained by the popular belief that water replacement to prevent dehydration and hyperthermia was of greater importance than CHO replacement during prolonged exercise. This position was strengthened by studies in the early 1970s which showed that the ingestion of CHO solutions delayed gastric emptying compared with water, and might therefore exacerbate dehydration. As a result, athletes were actively discouraged from ingesting even mildly concentrated (greater than 5 g/100ml) CHO solutions during exercise. Only in the early 1980s, when commercial interest in the sale of CHO products to athletes was aroused, did exercise physiologists again begin to study the effects of CHO ingestion during exercise. These studies soon established that CHO ingestion during prolonged exercise could delay fatigue; this finding added urgency to the search for the optimum CHO type for ingestion during exercise. Whereas in the earlier studies, estimates of CHO oxidation were made using respiratory gas exchange measurements, investigations since the early 1970s have employed stable 13C and radioactive 14C isotope techniques to determine the amount of ingested CHO that is oxidised during exercise. Most of the early interest was in glucose ingestion during exercise. These studies showed that significant quantities of ingested glucose can be oxidised during exercise. Peak rates of glucose oxidation occur approximately 75 to 90 minutes after ingestion and are unaffected by the time of glucose ingestion during exercise. Rates of oxidation also appear not to be influenced to a major extent by the use of different feeding schedules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Oxidation of carbohydrate ingested during prolonged endurance exercise. 164 41


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