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 51,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a brief view there are described experimental results obtained from starving animals and teratogenous influences of the deficiency disease. By reference to a model group of 60 children there are depicted the complex influences of the deficiency disease and stresses of war. Two subgroups are described clinically, explaining the various pathogenesis. Children born under conditions of war and persecution or living under such conditions during childhood--41 persons. Children who after the war were born into families of previously persecuted people--19 persons. Neurotic conditions accompanied by anxiety, headache, disturbance of memory, tendency to fits, and excitability are common to both of these groups. The differences manifest themselves in the percentage of tiredness, sleeplessness, and depression, which occur much more frequently in the first group, while bodily weakness, ailments characterized by the occurrence of fits, perinatal encephalopathies with pyramidal disorders are more often observed in the second group. Lack of adaptability, especially in the first postwar years in the first group, could be remedied in the majority of cases, although it was possible here, too, to observe symptoms of premature senility. These cases showed not only hypertension (26.8 per cent), but also roentgenologically demonstrable arteriosclerotic changes. The higher percentage and statistically significant difference in the occurrence of anxiety and depression as compared with the percentage of neuroses in the average population as well as the frequent occurrence of perinatal encephalopathies and ailments characterized by fits show the serious degree to which the consequences of war still manifest themselves in children after many years.
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PMID:[Effect of hunger on the development of the child]. 500 79

The muscle fiber content of the stapedius muscle of the cat was determined histochemically using a combination of oxidative enzymes and glycolytic markers. The major fiber type present was determined to be the fast oxidative glycolytic type (FOG; 77%). Two other types of fiber were found that could not be placed into any of the classical muscle fiber categories. One of these fibers had little staining for actomyosin ATPase (1', 13%) while the other stained densely for this enzyme (2', 10%). These fibers could also be separated using fiber diameter as a criterion. The mean diameters of these different fibers were 22.8 Mm+/-6.3 (FOG fiber type), 14.8 micrometers+/-3.7 (1' fiber) and 14.9 micrometers+/-5.5 (2' fiber). Since the predominant fiber type (FOG) is adapted for fast contraction and fatigue resistance, the stapedius muscle of the cat is probably capable of fast repetitive contractions, a conclusion that fits well with much of the physiological data. Due to the fact that the 2' fibers were always paired with the 1' fibers, it is conceivable that these pairs may represent some specialized sensory structures (i.e. unencapsulated muscle spindles).
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PMID:A histochemical characterization of muscle fiber types in the middle ear muscles of the cat. 1. The stapedius muscle. 618 50

Although fatigue is a well-known phenomenon and the phrase "exercised until exhaustion" is commonly understood, there is no unequivocal agreement on the fundamental nature of the fatigue process. Ammonia was linked to the development of fatigue as early as 1922, when ammonia production was observed from stimulated nerve and the question whether there could be a relationship between ammonia production and the muscle activity was raised. The immediate source of ammonia from muscle appears to be a result of the deamination of AMP and is more apparent in fast-twitch than in slow-twitch fibers. More recently, increases in blood ammonia levels have been reported in rats after swimming and in humans after arm work, maximal cycle ergometry, and treadmill exercise. Elevated blood ammonia has also been linked to a surprising variety of functional and metabolic neurological disturbances other than exercise and fatigue, including the development of hepatic coma, convulsions from ammonia toxicity precipitated by high-pressure oxygen breathing, epileptic seizures, and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, a number of genetic disorders (inborn errors in metabolism, or IEMs) are characterized by elevated blood ammonia concentrations. Symptoms of neural disability in all of the above conditions have been related to the concentration of ammonia in blood. Although these studies do not relate to exercise or fatigue directly, it is conceivable that our understanding of the effect of high concentrations of blood ammonia in these clinical conditions may provide valuable insight into the effect of ammonia during exercise. This paper reviews the effect of ammonia production during exercise and other conditions upon purposeful activity and the development of fatigued states.
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PMID:Ammonia metabolism in exercise and fatigue: a review. 634 52

Epidemics of epilepsy, a form of mass hysteria, were known in Eastern and Western cultures in the 17th and 18th centuries. A unique situation in the United States during the 19th centurey was the frontier religious movement, the setting in which the "jerks" occurred. The "falling exercise," "dancing exercise," "barking exercise," "laughing exercise," and the "running exercise" centered around the excitement involved in the religious revival. During some exercises, people saw "visions," and exhibited bizarre behavior and sudden jerking motions. During the summers of 1801-1803 on the Kentucky frontier, some pioneers who attended the religious revival camp meetings had convulsions, hallucinations, tremors, jerks, compulsive dancing and "epileptic trances." Although these have been assumed to be psychological in origin, the epidemiology of the symptoms may correlate with the diagnosis of ergotism. Those affected were usually children and young adults. Symptoms of ergotism include giddiness, fatigue, depression, formications, muscle twitching, tonic spasms, convulsions, delirium, and loss of speech.
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PMID:Ergot, the "jerks," and revivals. 636 76

A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni , and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P less than .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers .
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PMID:Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus niger. 672 18

The antistress and antifatigue properties of a Chinese ginseng preparation were tested on Swiss albino mice, exposed to various experimental models of stress, and were compared with those of piracetam. Both ginseng and piracetam were administered chronically in drinking water for 16-18 days as well as acutely, by injection, 30-60 min prior to the experiments. Reactivity of the mice, loss in body weight, amount of faeces, length of endurance and incidence of mortality were graded and measured. Both piracetam and ginseng treatment provided good protection against electroshock stress when compared to the untreated mice; fighting scores, incidence of tonic convulsion and mortality were significantly less in the treated groups. In the heat stress experiments, both piracetam and ginseng provided significant protection to the treated mice against exposure to heat. In the fatigue stress of forced swim test, ginseng treatment provided effective adaptation to fatigue and increased endurance in both male and female mice; piracetam showed some antifatigue effects on the male mice only. In the locomotor activity tests, ginseng did not depress motility, while piracetam did so in the later part of the tests. These results are discussed in the light of the antistress properties of the drugs as reported in the literature.
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PMID:Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam. 689 67

The objectives of exercise testing in congestive heart failure (CHF) may be summarized as follows: (a) detect impaired cardiac performance, (b) grade severity of cardiac failure and classify functional capability, and (c) assess effects of interventions. Several different methods are available to make these assessments, and we have to ask ourselves how well exercise testing achieves these objectives. It has to be kept in mind that the power generated by the exercising muscles is dependent on the oxygen delivery to the skeletal muscles. Oxygen uptake is the result of an integrated performance of the lungs, heart, and peripheral circulation. In patients, as well as in normal subjects, oxygen uptake is related to hemodynamic indices such as cardiac output, stroke volume, or exercise duration when a stepwise regulated maximal exercise protocol is used. However, there are major differences in the concept of a true maximum in normal subjects versus heart failure patients. Fit-normal subjects will achieve a real maximal oxygen uptake, whereas patients may stop testing before a maximum is reached because of symptoms such as dyspnea or leg fatigue. Therefore, it is better if the actual oxygen uptake can be measured. "Peak" rather than true maximal oxygen uptake has been suggested for the classification of the severity of heart failure. Peripheral factors modify the cardiac output through such factors as vascular resistance, organ function, and hormonal release. Maximal exercise will stress the cardiovascular system to a point where the weakest chain will impose a limiting effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The role of exercise testing in heart failure. 751 35

The endurance time provides a convenient means to assess muscle fatigue resistance. The purpose of the experiments was to study endurance time characteristics of human ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion as a function of level of contraction. Nine subjects (four men, five women) were examined. The experimental protocol consisted of determining each individual maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) before each fatiguing experiment and undertaking only one fatiguing isometric contraction (dorsiflexion or plantarflexion) per day. Each subject produced at least six plantarflexion and six dorsiflexion contractions chosen from 15% to 90% MVC. An exponential model was fit to data for each individual and was then fit to the pooled data. The variance accounted for was over 99% for both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion mean values. As expected, endurance time declined as the contraction level increased. Plantarflexing responses presented a higher variation from subject to subject than for dorsiflexing. Inter-subject variability primarily seemed to involve a change in the shape of the endurance curve rather than a shift of the curve. When the data were pooled, the exponential curve had parameters similar to the average of the individual fits. Human ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion endurance times as a function of level of contraction were found to be similar under the present experimental conditions.
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PMID:Endurance time characteristics of human ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors. 758 78

Data on accidents at work and traffic accidents in different countries are discussed. Comparison of the number of war victims and victims of accidents shows the latter to be more numerous. Public opinion towards is less negative than towards several infectious diseases. The reason for this is the (wrong) opinion that people can prevent getting involved in an accident. There are many reasons why the progress in our knowledge of the phenomenon of accidents has not been faster. The distribution of accidents does not fit the model of chance distribution, but it fits quite well into negative binomial distribution, which is a model of "unequal accident proneness" hypothesis. The term "accident proneness" originated as a result of controversy between European (Eysenck, Shaw and others) and American (Suchman, Haight and others) psychologists. Today, the discrepancy in the attitudes has come to be much slighter because of the more dynamic and situational approach to the phenomenon of "accident proneness". The phenomenon is defined as possession of the qualities that are harmful to safe work at a certain moment or/and lack of possession of the qualities that are indispensable for safe work at that same moment. Certain factors associated with "accident proneness", however, are stable and general: personality and sex. Some are prone to changing slowly during one's lifetime: age and experience. Many are accidental: alcohol, illness, fatigue, mood etc. Ramsey's model of accident proneness in presented in more detail. The model includes interaction between man and an objective situation at different levels: cognitive, conative and psychomotor.
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PMID:[The human factor in accidents]. 776 87

We report a 46-year-old man with bacterial endocarditis and cardiac failure, who developed status epileptics. The patient was apparently well until July of 1991 when there was a gradual onset of fever and general fatigue. He was hospitalized to the cardiology service of our hospital where diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis and aortic insufficiency was made. On October 9, 1991, he suddenly developed cardiogenic shock, and emergency replacement of the aortic valve was made; at the operation, the main trunk of the left coronary artery showed embolic occlusion, and the myocardial movement was markedly diminished; serum creatine kinase was 3.150 IU/l. His cardiac failure did not resolve, and renal failure developed in December 1991, for which peritoneal dialysis was necessary. On February 2, 1992, he suddenly developed a clonic seizure which started from his face with a transient post-ictal left hemiparesis; a cranial CT scan was unremarkable. He was treated with phenytoin and glycerol, however, he developed status epileptics on February 3; he developed cardiac arrest after the injection of phenytoin 750 mg. He was resuscitated, however, his status did not resolve. Neurological consultation was asked on February 4. On physical examination, his blood pressure was 80/40 mmHg heart rate 77/min and regular, and body temperature 39.1 degrees C. The palpebral conjunctiva were slightly anemic, however, the bulbar conjunctiva were not icteric. No cervical adenopathy was noted. Glade II systolic murmur was heard in the apex; the lungs were clear. The abdomen was flat and soft without organomegaly. No edema was present in the legs. On neurologic examination, he was comatose without response to painful stimuli. He repeatedly had convulsion lasting for 30 seconds every 2 to 3 minutes; his convulsions started with the conjugate deviation of the eyes to the left followed by turning of the head toward left, and then clonic convulsions started in this left upper limb extending to other extremities. The optic fundi were unable to visualize because of corneal clouding; light reflex was sluggish on the right side; no oculocephalic response was elicited; corneal reflex was also lost bilaterally. Extremities were hypotonic, and no automatic movement was seen. The triceps brachii reflex was diminished, but all the other deep reflexes were lost; no plantar response was elicited. Meningeal sign was absent. He was treated with intravenous diazepam; the interval of convulsions prolonged, however, blood pressure dropped to 40 to 40 mmHg. On February 4, intravenous thiopental anesthesia was instituted, and assisted respiration was started.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A 46-year-old man with cardiac failure and statues epileptics]. 794 26


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