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Query: UMLS:C0014544 (epilepsy)
 64,704 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of different types of epileptic seizure on the sleep organization of baboon were studied through 12 h polygraphic recordings. Photically induced myoclonic jerking did not modify sleep organization. Photically induced genalized convulsions produced an increase of the waking stage (AWA) and reduction of REM stage. Pentetrazol-induced generalized convulsions not only increased AWA and reduced REM, but also elicited various modifications of stages I, II and III. Daily generalized convulsions induced by light or pentetrazol over 5 days demonstrated no rebound of REM.
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PMID:Epilepsy and sleep organization in the baboon Papio papio. 6 52

A 14-year-old female with epilepsia partialis continua was explored stereo-electroencephalographically (SEEG). SEEG, EEG and EMG were recorded synchronously on a 32-channel machine and stored on magnetic tape for off-line analysis. The beginning of the myoclonus was used as trigger for the analysis of the intracerebral activity, which was analysed by averaging. Thereby the generating potentials of the jerks became evident. They had different maxima and latencies relative to the facial and hand muscles: that for m. orbicularis oculi was located in the precentral gyrus, the beginning of its positive deflection was 17 msec earlier than the muscle action potential; that for the thenar muscles had a latency of 24 msec, appeared at first in the premotor cortex and with a slight delay, but with greater amplitude in the corona radiata and capsula interna. Stimulation of the lateral area 4 elicited myoclonus which corresponded to the spontaneous one in distribution and latency. Stimulation of the thalamic VL nucleus had no effect. During deep sleep the frequency of the myoclonus was diminished. REM sleep was preceded and followed by a definite increase of jerking. The pattern, topography and latency of the generating potentials in waking and sleeping were very similar. In this way quantitative evidence of the neocortical origin of Epc is given and therefore a precise delineation of the epileptogenic focus.
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PMID:Quantitative analysis of intracerebral recordings in epilepsia partialis continua. 7 22

Out of 50,000 EEG's those of 38 subjects contained rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (RMTD), corresponding to an incidence of 0,1%. The morphological features of RMTD are: 1. frequency: 5.5-6.5/sec 2. shape: monophasic and regular with occasionally interposed 12/sec. activity. 3. localisation: mid temporal, often spread to anterior, seldom posterior region. 4. occurence: bilateral, simultaneous, or alternating sides. They are closely linked to the drowsy state, occuring at the transition from A2 to B2 stage (IA2) and arising from a fairly desynchronized EEG. RMTD are commonly seen within REM periods, which are markedly fragmented with interspersed periods of drowsy patterns lasting 20-90 sec, during which the RMTD are seen. Occasionally they are strictly related to slow eye movements and periodic respiration. The RMTD are an individual feature, appearing in different persons with variing penetrance. Their occurence is favoured or inhibited to a certain degree by external circumstances. Slow and fast wave sleep in subjects with RMTD are disturbed. Both of them, especially the fast wave sleep are reduced in favour of markedly increased stages of drowsiness with RMTD, which sometimes last several minutes. In spite of such abnormal organisation of sleep the subjects feel recovered in the morning and sleep disturbances are not reported. RMTD could therefore be considered as "bioelectrical sleep disorder". We did not find any correlation between RMTD and clinical findings, in particular not with psychomotor or any other form of epilepsy.
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PMID:[The significance of rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (author's transl)]. 9 75

6-14/sec positive spikes (PS) (in our cases 7-14) were observed during 6 all-night sleep, recordings in one pair of monozygotic twins (aged 7 years), who had severe speech retardation, no epilepsy and were otherwise normal (CAT were normal). The EEG during wakefulness and sleep showed multifocal independent spikes over the left mid-temporal and right parieto-occipital area. The 7-14 PS, which were similar in both twins, occurred slightly during light sleep, were absent during slow sleep and were most prominent during REM sleep (mean=6.3 sec of PS bursts/min of REM). During REM sleep, the 7-14 PS bursts were negatively related to bursts of eye movements; PS were 7 times more frequent in the intervals between than during bursts of eye movements. In addition, long bursts of PS (up to 6 sec) might interupt the bursts of eye movements suggesting a functional antagonism between mechanisms (still unclear) responsible for PS and for REM. The predominance of PS during REM sleep and the inverse relationship with eye movements are not peculiar to our case, since similar findings have been reported in other cases (TSUZUKI 1967; OKUMA et al. 1968). During the sleep stages when Ps occurred spontaneously, PS could also be evoked by a click or a tone, with a latency of 1, 5-2 sec.
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PMID:[Excessive 7-14-sec positive spikes during REM sleep in monozygotic non-epileptic twins with speech retardation (author's transl)]. 20 78

The authors polygraphically studied the nocturnal sleep of 20 neurologically normal children with typical centrotemporal spikes. The children were divided into two groups: (A) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes and benign epilepsy; and (B) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes without epilepsy. The mean age when the average period of sleep record was performed was the same for the two groups, 8.5 years. The cyclic organization of sleep and the percentages of the different stages were normal in all 20 subjects. The number of spikes was counted in all the subjects during wakefulness and during different stages of sleep. All subjects of both groups showed an important increase in the frequency of spikes going from drowsiness until slow sleep; on the other hand, the activity remained high during REM sleep only for subjects of Group A. Other differences between the two groups concerned the appearnce during sleep of generalized spike waves and independent Rolandic spikes. The authors conclude with the affirmation that the polygraphic study of nocturnal sleep in children with Rolandic spikes can be an additional parameter for differential diagnosis between children with and those without epilepsy.
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PMID:Rolandic spikes in children with and without epilepsy. (20 subjects polygraphically studied during sleep). 94 46

The discharge rate (the number of spikes/min) was determined in the awake state and during different stages of induced sleep in 17 children with "benign epilepsy of childhood with centro-temporal EEG foci". Ten patients had seizures only during sleep. The discharge rate of Rolandic spikes was significantly higher during sleep than during the awake state, and 5 patients had Rolandic discharges only during sleep. For diagnostic purposes, EEG recordings during sleep are indicated when children suspected of having this seizure type have a normal EEG when awake. Brief induced sleep is usually adequate. REM sleep was not studied.
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PMID:Benign epilepsy of children with centro-temporal EEG foci. Discharge rate during sleep. 112 97

The profile of the anxiolytic beta-carboline isopropyl 6-benzyloxy-4-methoxymethyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (abecarnil; ZK 112 119), a partial agonist at benzodiazepine receptors, was determined in two experiments. In the first, abecarnil was given to WAG/Rij rats; these rats generate spontaneously occurring spike-wave discharges and are regarded as a model for absence epilepsy. Effects were measured on epileptic activity, together with those on the spectral content of the background electroencephalograph (EEG), as well as on ongoing behavior. In a second experiment, effects on sleep and behavior were investigated in Wistar rats. It was found that, similarly to classical benzodiazepines, abecarnil possessed a strong antiepileptic character and also changed the background EEG to more high-frequency waves and less spindle activity. It also produced more immobile behavior. Abecarnil induced only small, marginally significant increases in slow-wave sleep while reducing REM sleep as a proportion of total sleep. It also reduced the number of REM periods. These observations are consistent with the proposed partial agonist activity of abecarnil, a drug with interesting therapeutic implications.
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PMID:Effects of the beta-carboline abecarnil on epileptic activity, EEG, sleep and behavior of rats. 140 73

A-EEG is an important recent technologic innovation in EEG recording that facilitates long-term monitoring. The system consists of a miniature cassette tape recorder and a video play-back unit, which permits the taped EEG to be reviewed (Brain Spy CH24, Micromed). Because it is extremely lightweight and portable, the system permits unrestricted activity during recording. On the other hand, this predisposes the recording to more artifacts than are seen in routine recordings. We examined 103 patients, aged 3 months-24 years, between July 1988 and July 1990. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 included 61 subjects with evidence of epilepsy and clinically definite seizures; group 2 included 29 patients with recurrent episodes that were not clearly epileptic (suspected "pseudo epileptic"); group 3 included 13 subjects with psychiatric disorders. We found that the clinical utility of A-EEG in epileptic children was: 1) obtain better clinical and EEG characterization and circadian distribution of seizures in 17 cases (28%); 2) quantify epileptiform generalized abnormalities and their variations during the sleep in 6 cases (10%); 3) verify the efficacy of specific drug treatment such as Bzd and ACTH in 12 cases (20%). The role of A-EEG in non-epileptic children with pseudoseizures was to establish the epileptic or non epileptic nature of some ictal events by detecting EEG seizure patterns in 11 cases (38%). As to regard the group 3, A-EEG has permitted to study sleep architecture and REM sleep measures, especially in depressed children compared to normal children. We discuss advantages, drawbacks and clinical applications of A-EEG in child neurology and psychiatry vs conventional EEG.
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PMID:[The clinical use of dynamic EEG in childhood]. 151 95

Wakefulness and sleep are antagonistic states competing for the domain of brain activity. Non-REM sleep and REM sleep are different states of being, sustained by activity in brainstem nuclei, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and thalamus. Such complex phenomenology is subject to many alterations grouped in the new International Classification of Sleep Disorders. The insomnias are the result of interacting psychosocial, psychophysiologic, neurodevelopmental, and medical factors. Proper perspective of each factor provides the clinical strategies to approach medically the symptom-complex of insomnia. The most common cause of daytime hypersomnia is chronic sleep deprivation. Obstructive sleep apnea responds to nasal CPAP, but the failure rate approaches 30%. In intolerant patients BiPAP and surgical remedies should be considered. Motor and behavioral abnormalities of sleep may be linked to REM sleep as in the REM sleep behavior disorder. Paroxysmal nocturnal dystonia and nocturnal wanderings may be associated with epilepsy. Intrusions of one state of being (wakefulness, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep) into another result in mixed, poorly defined, or only partially developed states. Dissociation of states may be responsible for confusional arousals, hallucinations, and cateplexy. Senile degeneration of the suprachiasmatic nuclei may underlie the circadian rhythm changes in old age and the "sundown" syndrome in demented patients. Misalignment of the hypothalamic pacemaker causes dysregulation of sleep-related physiologic and behavioral variables. Exposure to bright light retrains the pacemaker in night-shift workers, transmeridian travelers, and in patients with seasonal affective syndrome. Benzodiazepine compounds are very effective hypnotics, but should be used sparingly in the elderly to avoid falls, memory lapses, and aggravation of a preexisting sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep laboratory evaluations are indicated in patients with hypersomnia, suspected sleep apnea syndrome, motor-behavioral disorders of sleep, and in many individuals complaining of insomnia.
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PMID:Update on disorders of sleep and the sleep--wake cycle. 160 36

Polygraphic sleep investigations have shown that, in patients with generalized epilepsy and spike wave patterns, ictal electroclinical manifestations occur in intermediate periods between waking state-NREM sleep and NREM sleep-REM sleep. These physiological microfluctuations represent an important dynamic principle. These minor fluctuations are detectable with a special method of microanalysis of sleep. Such a microanalysis shows that the attacks of patients with generalized spike wave patterns are linked with arousal reactions. This may result in prolonged intermediate states causing augmentation of the paroxysms and thus representing a vicious circle.
Epilepsy Res Suppl 1991
PMID:Sleep, arousal and electroclinical manifestations of generalized epilepsy with spike wave pattern. 166 47


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