Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014544 (epilepsy)
 64,704 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, migraine, vasospasm and epilepsy may involve different subtypes of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor. The 1B subtype, which has a unique pharmacology, was first identified in rodent brain. But a similar receptor could not be detected in human brain, suggesting the absence in man of a receptor with equivalent function. Recently a human receptor gene was isolated (designated 5-HT1B receptor, 5-HT1D beta receptor, or S12 receptor) which shares 93% identity of the deduced protein sequence with rodent 5-HT1B receptors. Although this receptor is identical to rodent 5-HT1B receptors in binding to 5-HT, it differs profoundly in binding to many drugs. Here we show that replacement of a single amino acid in the human receptor (threonine at residue 355) with a corresponding asparagine found in rodent 5-HT1B receptors renders the pharmacology of the receptors essentially identical. This demonstrates that the human gene does indeed encode a 1B receptor, which is likely to have the same biological functions as the rodent 5-HT1B receptor. In addition, these findings show that minute sequence differences between homologues of the same receptor from different species can cause large pharmacological variation. Thus, drug-receptor interactions should not be extrapolated from animal to human species without verification.
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PMID:A single amino-acid difference confers major pharmacological variation between human and rodent 5-HT1B receptors. 143 92

Subdural hematomas many sometimes clinically resemble Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA's). We present three cases which were initially evaluated for, diagnosed as having and were treated for TIA's, but later were found to have subdural hematomas. As in case one, patients with subdurals may have antecedent head trauma which they may or may not recall. Patients presenting with symptoms resembling TIA's need a complete neurologic evaluation. The differential diagnosis for TIA's includes arteriosclerotic extracranial vascular disease, cardiac emboli, migraine, seizure disorder, and mass lesions. Since the prognosis and treatment differs one needs to determine the etiology of the symptoms before treatment is initiated. Specifically, other diagnoses must be excluded prior to anticoagulation therapy, as evidenced by case 2.
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PMID:Transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to subdural hematoma. 145 13

Serum samples from patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, other neurological diseases and normal controls were screened by "western blotting" for antibody directed against proteins of human brain vessels purified from a post mortem brain. A small number of sera contained autoantibodies against some of the proteins of the brain vessels, particularly in patients suffering from MS, epilepsy and migraine. The significance of these results is discussed.
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PMID:Western blotting analysis in patients with MS using human brain vessels as antigen. 145 87

Alternating hemiplegia in childhood (AHC) has clinically characteristic features which are easily defined and recognizable. Laboratory investigations were basically normal although they were extensively examined during and between attacks. There is still much debate about its etiology, particularly its relation to migraine or epilepsy. Clinical characteristics of identified 23 AHC in Japanese were presented, which were obtained from a large Japanese cooperative study in 1988. AHC may prove not to be as rare as has been thought.
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PMID:Alternating hemiplegia in childhood: 23 cases in Japan. 145 80

A case control study of transient global amnesia (TGA), transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) and normal controls is described. Each of the 51 TGA patients, selected between January 1985 and March 1990, was compared with four controls (two TIAs and two normals) for the presence of vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking habits, cholesterol, triglycerides and haematocrit levels, heart disease, previous stroke), previous TGA, migraine, psychiatric illness and recent head trauma. Patients with TGA had less diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia than TIA. TGA subjects had significantly more hypertension (odds ratio = 3.31) and migraine (odds ratio = 8.67) than normal controls. During a mean of 17.4 mths of follow-up (range 1-96 mths), three subjects had recurrent TGA, one sustained a TIA and a minor stroke, but none had seizures. Thrombo-embolism and epilepsy are unlikely to be the cause of this benign disorder. The role is stressed of appropriate precipitants, including haemodynamic changes, and of individual susceptibility (of which migraine is probably a marker) in the genesis of TGA.
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PMID:Transient global amnesia. A case control study. 155 58

Three cases from one kindred who suffer from dominant paroxysmal ataxia are described. This is a rare benign non-progressive disorder of childhood onset, characterised by bouts of ataxia with abrupt onset lasting minutes or hours. Cases may be identified on the basis of a suggestive history, nystagmus persisting between episodes, and dominant inheritance. Treatment with acetazolamide is often dramatically effective. This family is thought to be the first described in the UK but many more probably exist, mislabelled as epilepsy or migraine.
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PMID:Familial paroxysmal ataxia: report of a family. 156 84

Quantitated neurophysiology and topographic brain mapping are reviewed. Certain information on the electrical activity of the brain may be more easily comprehended with the aid of topographic visualization of EEG and evoked potentials. Quantitated neurophysiology promises to make an important contribution to research in several fields of neuroscience, e.g. cognitive processing, psychiatry, dementia, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disorders, auditory and visual electrophysiology, and migraine. Provided that careful attention is paid to the elimination of artefacts, such methods may also be used as supplementary diagnostic tools in the clinic.
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PMID:[Topographic mapping of electric activity of the brain]. 152 42

We describe a patient without a previous history of migraine or epilepsy and with no known vascular risk factors, who suffered subarachnoid haemorrhage. During vertebral angiography using nonionic contrast medium (iohexol), spasm of the basilar artery was seen. The patient suffered transient global amnesia. Angiography 3 months later with the same contrast medium was normal and produced no further deficit. This case lends support to the supposed ischaemic aetiology of transient global amnesia; in patients without other evidence of cerebrovascular disease, arterial spasm may be responsible.
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PMID:Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography with iohexol. 160 13

The pattern of occipital-posterotemporal spike-wave paroxysms (O-PT SWPs), is a distinctive EEG abnormality observed primarily with occipital epilepsy of childhood and basilar artery migraine. We studied EEG and clinical features in 30 children and young adults with this EEG pattern. Prolonged and brief O-PT SWPs were observed. Prolonged discharges (greater than 6 s) were observed only in children with seizures (p less than 0.001), and brief discharges (1-6 s) were observed immediately after eye closure. Generalized SWPs (11 patients, 37%) and background abnormalities (17 patients, 57%) were common. Photic activation of O-PT SWPs was not observed. Twenty-four patients (80%) manifested paroxysmal phenomena-seizures (20 patients, 67%) and migraine (12 patients, 40%, 4 alone and 8 with seizures). Fifteen patients (75%) had partial seizures, and 5 (25%) had absence seizures. In 7 patients with partial seizures, an etiology was evident. Neurologic examination was more often abnormal in patients with secondary partial seizures than in those with idiopathic partial seizures (p less than 0.05) and absence seizures. Conversely, migraine was more often associated with idiopathic partial seizures than with secondary partial seizures (p less than 0.05) and absence seizures. Six children (20%) had no paroxysmal events. Generalized SWPs were uncommon in patients with idiopathic partial seizures. We conclude that O-PT SWPs is a nonspecific epileptiform abnormality that may occur in children with (a) idiopathic partial, (b) symptomatic partial, and (c) absence epilepsies, but it may also occur in patients with no evidence of seizures.
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PMID:Clinical manifestations in children with occipital spike-wave paroxysms. 162 82

Sixty-four patients with atypical transient cerebral or visual symptoms that could not be classified as unequivocal TIAs nor as migraine, epilepsy or neurosis, were followed up for a mean of 3.75 years (range 11 months and 9 years, 240 patient years). Their mean age was 55 years. Only two patients suffered a (non-disabling) stroke, but eight patients had a major cardiac event: fatal myocardial infarction in three, sudden death in one and non-fatal myocardial infarction in four patients. Seven of these eight patients were known to have cardiovascular risk factors. Visual symptoms were relatively benign with regard to cardiac events (2 events in 28 patients), whereas dizziness alone and focal sensory symptoms alone were more strongly associated with subsequent cardiac complications (2 out of 4, and 4 out of 13 patients, respectively). In a control group of 185 patients with 'typical' TIAs or minor strokes, followed for a total of 233 patient years, seven patients had a ischaemic stroke, and only one a cardiac event. Our results suggest that patients with atypical transient cerebral deficits and cardiovascular risk factors may carry a low risk of subsequent stroke, but a high risk of major cardiac events.
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PMID:'Atypical TIAs' may herald cardiac rather than cerebral events. 165 90


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