Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014544 (epilepsy)
 64,704 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The parameters amenable to biofeedback learning are mentioned, including brainwaves, muscle tension, temperature, the cardiovascular system, and others. A discussion follows of the clinical application of biofeedback in the treatment of such disorders as tension headaches, neuromuscular re-education, epilepsy, "dysponesis," cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and migraines. The usefulness of biofeedback has been demonstrated also in the field of psychotherapy for purposes of desensitization, treating anxious patients, encouraging specific personality changes, and indicating stress to patients.
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PMID:Biofeedback and self-control of physiological functions: clinical applications. 0 83

There has never been a single set of criteria for the ascription of disease. The pathoanatomic view ascribed to Virchow and propounded by Thomas Szasz has coexisted with the patient-centered or phenomenologic view for millenia. Schizophrenia, as well as such entities as idiopathic epilepsy and migraine, may be considered a disease because it entails suffering and incapacity, albeit in the absence of any obvious lesion. The Szaszian view of disease neither appreciates the nuances of Virchow's own position nor acknowledges the fluidity of current medical nosology.
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PMID:On myths and countermyths: more on Szaszian fallacies. 36 69

TGA is a clearly recognisable clinical syndrome with many and varied aetiologies, the most ubiquitous being transient cerebral ischaemia. This entity is probably much more common than the literature suggests, many patients not coming to the attention of a physician due to the transient nature of the isolated memory defect and the risk of recurrence being low, it is of interest that many of the original patients described tended to be the more prominent members of the community, e.g. physicians and relatives of physicians, perhaps suggesting that the occurrence of TGA in such a person is less likely to pass unnoticed. In the differential diagnosis one should include the following: transient cerebral ischaemia, epilepsy, migraine, temporal lobe encephalitis, psychogenic fugues, post-traumatic, and rarely cerebral neoplasms.
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PMID:Transient global amnesia--a review of 213 cases from the literature. 36 12

Clinical pharmacology of the steroidal oral contraceptives (OCs) is reviewed. The review includes: effectiveness and mechanism of action; structure-activity relationship; minor side effects (estrogen excess, estrogen deficiency, progestogen excess, progestogen deficiency, management of minor side effects); major side effects (thromboembolic disease, hypertension, OCs and neoplasia); and selection of an OC (effectiveness, safety, patient acceptability). Over the past 2 decades the steroidal OCs have proved to be among the most effective pharmacologic products ever marketed. OCs have proved to be relatively benign in terms of morbidity and mortality. Because the decision to use OCs is complex, only contraindications to its use have been considered here. Absolute contraindications include: 1) history of cerebrovascular disease, thromboembolic disease, thrombophlebitis, or conditions predisposing to these disorders; 2) active liver disease or impaired liver function; 3) carcinoma of the breast; 4) estrogen-dependent neoplasia; 5) undiagnosed genital bleeding; and 6) pregnancy. Relative contraindications include: 1) women over age 40; 2) migraine headaches; 3) Hypertension; 4) leiomyomata of the uterus; 5) epilepsy; and 6) history of idiopathic jaundice of prepregnancy. There is no firm evidence that OC use results in an increased incidence of benign neoplasms of the liver and breast.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacology of the steroidal oral contraceptives. 37 70

The potential importance of vasospasm, with or without consequent thrombosis, as a mechanism in general disease is discussed and the evidence examined in one organ, namely the brain. It is concluded that vasospasm might be important in a number of neurological disorders, including migraine, epilepsy, and even some of the schizophrenia-like illnesses. Repeated ischaemic cell damage from vasospasm is also discussed as a possible factor initiating autoimmune disease and cancer. The similarities between viral transformation and neoplasia have led to the proposition that much cancer might be explained if as a species we have evolved by the gradual build-up of viruses.
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PMID:Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. III. Stress, vasospasm and general disease. 38 56

This paper reviews biofeedback research from the perspective of cybernetic/feedback theory and applies the theory to the behavioral treatment of psychosomatic disorders. The concept of disregulation is used to elucidate how environmental factors can modulate the central nervous system and effect homeostatic, self-regulatory control of peripheral organs. When feedback from peripheral organs is disrupted, it is hypothesized that disregulation occurs, leading to physiological instability and functional disease. Within this framework, biofeedback provides a new feedback loop that can help individuals regain physiological self-control. Basic research using biofeedback to enhance self-regulation of cardiovascular responses is reviewed. The use of biofeedback in the behavioral treatment of disorders such as tension and migraine headache, hypertension, and epilepsy are selectively reviewed and critically evaluated. The need to consider feedback mechanisms in behavioral and biomedical approaches to treatment is highlighted. Predictions regarding the potential inadvertent perpetuation of disregulation and disease through inappropriate biomedical intervention is also considered.
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PMID:Biofeedback and the behavioral treatment of disorders of disregulation. 39 67

The controversial relations between migraine and vascular headache on one hand, epilepsy on the other hand are once more discussed: survey of the arguments for a more than fortuitous connexion, taken from literature and general experience. Critical analysis of the personal case material. Discussion of some specific groups of patients with various combinations of both syndromes: long antecedents of headaches, leading up to sporadic epileptic attacks, focal or generalized; clinical seizures under photic stimulation (10% of the cases with chronic headaches without organic lesions); headaches in the latency period of symptomatic epilepsy; cases of seeming transition between the two syndromes; headaches as a substitute, an aura or as a component of the epileptic seizure, with clearly distinctive features between generalized and focal epilepsy: in patients with bilateral EEG paroxysms, headaches are usually diffuse or bilateral, in those with epileptogenic foci, headaches, if consistently localized, are always reported to be homolateral to the focus. Considerations concerning pathogenesis include the familiar hypothesis of hypoxic discharges following migrainous vasoconstriction, as well as secondary vascular headaches induced by focal epileptic activity. Headaches caused by excessive discharges in the sensory representation areas (H. Jackson) must be rare. Whether increased neuronal activity in the hypothalamus may be responsible for the migraine syndrome (Herberg), possibly in connection with biogenic amines, remains in open question.
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PMID:[Epilepsy and headaches (author's transl)]. 41 Jun 25

100 consecutively referred school-age children were evaluated for learning or behavior disorders. 45 children had one of three classical neurological syndromes of epilepsy, sensorineural deafness, or childhood migraine. The 26 children with epilepsy required medication adjustment to improve behavior or learning. Operational criteria for childhood depression, specific learning disability, developmental hyperactivity, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were used to establish the correct diagnosis in 55 children. 32 children had a single diagnosis, while 23 children fulfilled the criteria of two diagnostic categories. The diagnostic categorization permitted specific counseling of the child and family, development of a proper school program, and correct pharmacotherapy (when indicated).
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PMID:Use of operational criteria in an office practice for diagnosis of children referred for evaluation of learning or behavior disorders. 50 49

Four children with migraine raised some problems of differential diagnosis (cerebral circulatory disorders; structural brain diseases; or primary psychiatric disorders). Organic lesions were excluded through special investigations (EEG, CAT, Scintigraphy, Angiography etc.). Relationships between migraine and epilepsy in children were considered and the recent literature was reviewed. No agreement was reached on how to evaluate paroxysmal electroencephalograms recorded during migrainous episodes. In a child with personal and family history of migraine suffering from a sudden attack of acute headache accompanied by focal neurological deficits, migraine is the most likely diagnosis. Only if the neurological deficit fails to resolve rapidly (after a few hours), a detailed investigation is necessary (CAT etc.). A paroxysmal electroencephalogram during the attack of migraine does not imply necessarily a diagnosis of epilepsy. Children with history of migraine must be treated with specific anti-migranious drugs even if paroxysmal EEGs are recorded during the migraine attack. It must be remembered that both disorders (i.e. migraine and epilepsy) can exist in the same patient.
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PMID:[Hemicrania in children: diagnostic and therapeutic problems (author's transl)]. 54 16

Four adolescents had basilar migraine, infrequent cerebral seizures, and severe EEG abnormalities. The clinical course was benign, with normal personality, mentation, and neurologic examination. Almost continuous EEG abnormalities, consisting of rhythmic temporo-occipital sharp and slow wave discharges, or generalized spike and wave complexes, were seen in serial recordings. The rare seizures, either focal or generalized, usually followed a migrainous aura and seemed to be readily controlled with anticonvulsant medication. The complex relationship between classical migraine and epilepsy is illustrated by this syndrome; recognition of its relatively benign course may prevent unnecessary investigation and undue alarm.
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PMID:Basilar migraine, seizures, and severe epileptiform EEG abnormalities. 56 90


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