Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014544 (epilepsy)
 64,704 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The term 'long term neurological cripple' is an unattractive and yet an all embracing one, covering a wide spectrum of disorders from spina bifida or cerebral palsy with or without associated epilepsy and behavioural and learning problems, through muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and motor neurone disease, to the effects of head injury, cerebrovascular lesions and the degenerative disorders of later life such as Parkinson's disease and the senile and presenile dementias. Whilst many of the problems are common to several of these entities, each has its own particular aspects.
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PMID:The support of the long term neurological cripple. 10 16

The value of evoked potentials in studying conduction in the somatosensory pathway was assessed in patients with various neurological disorders. In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) abnormalities of the cervical response (N14) were found particularly in longstanding cases but also in the early stages of the disease, even in patients without sensory symptoms or signs, and were reversible in some patients. The cortical response was also abnormal in some cases but the two were not always affected together. In Friedreich's ataxia both the cervical and cortical responses were usually abnormal. Subclinical abnormalities of the cervical responses were found in some patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis or mixed forms of spinocerebellar ataxia. The cervical responses were also abnormal in patients with peripheral neuropathy and cervical radiculopathy, and in some patients with brain-stem or thalamic lesions. Cervical and cortical responses were normal in the lateral medullary syndrome, whereas the cortical response was markedly abnormal in patients with high brain-stem or cerebral hemisphere vascular lesions. Cortical and subcortical responses were abnormal in some patients with stereotactic thalamic lesions. Enhanced cortical responses were found in patients with lesions at different levels in the CNS. The most marked enhancement was observed in patients with familial myoclonic epilepsy. Lesser degrees were found in some patients with MS, progressive supranuclear palsy, thalamic lesions, brain-stem encephalitis and syringomyelia. Enhanced responses were usually found in patients with minimal or no clinical sensory involvement. It is postulated that this type of abnormality results from an interference to the inhibitory mechanisms which normally operate at various levels in the somatosensory pathway. It is concluded that evoked potential studies are a valuable adjunct to the clinical evaluation of sensation, and that they may provide useful information on the pathophysiology of conduction in the somatosensory pathway.
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PMID:The contribution of evoked potentials in the functional assessment of the somatosensory pathway. 22 50

Electrical stimulation is emerging as a new therapeutic and rehabilitative agent. Reviewed are pain control, restoration of lost functions and alteration of abnormal movement and other functions using electrical stimulation. Reported for acute and chronic pain control use are transcutaneous, dorsal column, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and direct brain stimulation methods and results. Overall success ranges up to 50% for chronic pain problems and up to 80% for acute pain; e.g., postoperative incisional pain, sports medicine, and trauma. Restoration of lost function has broad implications for the future. These include phrenic nerve pacing for respiration, foot drop control, restoration of bladder function, and grasp control in the spinal cord-injured patient. Amelioration of abnormal function includes stimulation for epilepsy and cerebral palsy, certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis and scoliosis. The effects of electrostimulation are completely reversible and nondestructive. Technical details of devices and stimulus waveforms are also briefly considered.
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PMID:Electrical stimulation: new methods for therapy and rehabilitation. 30 12

In the Western Hemisphere, prior to 1950, there were few reliable data on the incidence, geographic distribution or population patterns of diseases of the nervous system. Impressions of prevalence were generally derived from the European literature and from a variety of case reports and relative frequencies based on clinic or hospital admissions or selected autopsy series. Since such data from different sources generally defy comparison, it has been necessary to develop data sources for defined populations to provide incidence and prevalence rates. Such an effort, initially concerned with multiple sclerosis, was launched in 1950 by NIH. International mortality statistics were also collected and analyzed and intensive population surveys in the United States and Canada were planned and carried out. In time, such efforts were extended to cover a wide variety of other chronic and subacute diseases of the nervous system, and support was provided by NIH and voluntary agencies for studies in many other countries. Independently, population studies were developed at various Universities and health care facilities in Latin America. ISSSTE in Mexico City provided a broad experience on multiple sclerosis, ALS, epilepsy, stroke and brain tumor; studies developed in the West Indies on Jamaican Neuropathy; and there were studies in several countries on cysticercosis, Chagas' disease and epilepsy. Also notable are recent studies in Guatemala and plans for geographic comparisons over the broad range of latitude in Chile. The advantages and limitations of mortality statistics will be discussed. The priorities in the selection of the disorders which were to be studied, the procedures which were developed, and the highlights of the results of such investigations will be presented. In addition to descriptive population surveys, case control comparisons and prospective studies are also being developed which seek to identify the risk factors or etiologic determinants that may account for the population pattern which have been observed.
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PMID:25 years of neuroepidemiology in the Americas. 35 5

Recent epidemiological research has contributed to the understanding of the nature of common neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis, Parkinsonism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Viral etiology constitutes the most probable environmental factor in multiple sclerosis, but host-related genetic factors are also involved and determine susceptibility. In disorders like Parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy, heredity seems to play a more important role than earlier believed, and segregation analyses indicate polygenic inheritance patterns. The subacute spongiform encephalopathies fit into a similar concept, and here the hunt for infectious agents has succeeded. Polygenic traits and dominantly inherited disorders seem to aggregate in genetic isolates, as shown through studies from different parts of the world. The reason for this is not quite clear, but selection through assortative matings or other mechanisms may be operating in these populations.
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PMID:Current research in neuro-epidemiology. Some main trends. 36 92

In a 6-year period (1970-1975), a total number of 10,730 patients were examined oto-neurologically by the same physician, all of the patients being referred from the neuromedical and neurosurgical departments. Persistent positional nystagmus is in this material the same as central positional nystagmus, because the lesion in all cases was of central origin. Central positional nystagmus was found to be a rare symptom, since it was only demonstrated in 124 patients (1%). Central positional nystagmus was defined as being with no latency, low and irregular frequency, nonfatiguable with no accompanying dizziness, and the patients examined in the following positions: right and left side, supine and with hanging head. In 52 cases (42%) the nystagmus was only demonstrated with hanging head. The diagnoses were dominated by intracranial tumors (34 infra-tentorial, 19 supratentorial). Among other diagnoses encountered were intracranial vascular disease, encephalopathia, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. 21 patients were children under 15 years of age, and in this group the intracranial tumors, especially the infratentorial, were even more dominant.
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PMID:Positional nystagmus of the persistent type. 57 Jun 91

The influence of oral contraceptive agents on neurologic diseases in not clear. Animal experiments suggest that estrogens lower the seizure threshold whereas gestagens have the opposite effect. In women with epilepsy no change in the pattern of attacks could be observed under oral contraceptives. The inducing effect of hydantions and barbiturates on drug metabolizing enzymes requires the prescription of higher doses of estrogens and gestagens. Otherwise unwanted pregnancy can result, an especially unfavourable event in regard to the teratogenicity of hydantoins and barbiturates and possibly or oral contraceptives, too. An immunosuppressive effect of oral contraceptives - found in animals with EAE--could be favourable in respect to the disturbed immune mechanism of patients with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia. The influence of oral contraceptives on migraine seems to vary. The risk of arterial cerebral thromboembolic disease is increased in women taking oral contraceptives. The correlation to the estrogen content of the drugs remains to be proved.
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PMID:[Oral contraceptives--indications and neurological complications (author's transl)]. 58 98

An abnormal EEG was obtained in altogether 76% of cases in a series of 172 patients with multiple sclerosis. Among the patients with minor neurological defects and a shorter duration of illness, only 26% of the EEGs were abnormal, whereas abnormal recordings were found in a high percentage of bedridden patients with severe neurological disturbances, irrespective of the duration of the illness, i.e. in 83% and 85% of these patients, subdivided according to illness of under or over 10 years' duration, respectively. Hence, severity of multiple sclerosis rather than length of the disease appears to be reflected in an abnormal EEG. Definite prognostic information concerning life expectancy cannot be otained from the EEG. Organic brain syndrom were closely correlated with the severity of EEG changes. Epileptic manifestations were clinically observed in 5.23% of the patients, all of whom manifested pathological EEG recordings.
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PMID:[The EEG in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. 66 3

A description of 2 cases of disseminated sclerosis during exacerbations and paroxysms of dysarthria and ataxia in the clinical picture is given. These attacks are connected with processes of demyelinization and are differentiated with epilepsy. On the basis of neurophysiological studies the mechanisms of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia are discussed. The attacks were arrested under the influence of carbamazepine. The action of the drug is explained by its manifold properties.
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PMID:[Paroxysmal attacks of dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis]. 72 59

The authors report 189 case histories of pregnant women who had a neurological disorder, which either existed before the pregnancy or were discovered during the pregnancy. The most frequent aetiological conditions were, epilepsy, psychoses, vascular accidents, tumours and disseminated sclerosis. Pregnancy and neuropathology are an association for which the prognosis as a whole is good and linked to the time in the pregnancy when the neurological condition, whether it is stable or not, is discovered. The combination is absolutely compatible with the normal progress of pregnancy so long as the appropriate treatment is continued during the pregnancy. Cerebral vascular accidents that occur in pregnancy make the prognosis very much worse. In these circumstances neurosurgery may give some hope. This applies also for cerebral tumours, among which pituitary adenoma is becoming more and more frequent. Psychopathies can be a very baffling chapter when they are combined with pregnancy. Finally disseminated sclerosis, once it has been stabilised, is perfectly compatible with the normal outcome for a pregnancy.
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PMID:[Neuropathology and pregnancy. 189 consecutive cases (1971--1976) (author's transl)]. 73 Sep 89


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