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Query: UMLS:C0014118 (endocarditis)
 15,629 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aminoglycoside antibiotics are reviewed with regard to mechanism of action, bacterial resistance, antimicrobial spectrum, combinations with other agents, pharmacology, dosages in patients with normal and impaired renal function, adverse reactions, therapeutic use, prophylatic use and selection. Streptomycin is suggested in the therapy of tuberculosis, brucellosis, tularemia and yersinia infections; several of these require the coadministration of another agent. The choice between streptomycin and gentamicin for combination therapy of enterococcal endocarditis may be simplified by knowledge of the prevalence of high-level streptomycin-resistant strains in the hospital or by use of an in vitro screening test. Neomycin is the agent used orally in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Paromomycin is indicated only for the treatment of amebic infections. The major difference among gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin lies in the low but increasing prevalence of gram-negative bacilli which are resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin and susceptible to amikacin. In those institutions in which gentamicin-resistant strains are of concern, amikacin is the aminoglycoside of choice in high-risk patients until the infecting bacterium has been determined.
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PMID:Drug therapy reviews: Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics--part 4: aminoglycosides. 40 90

The in vitro activity of seven anti-staphylococcal antibiotics alone and in combination with four aminoglycoside antibiotics against 35 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from blood cultures of patients with endocarditis or septicemia was studied. The combination of nafcillin-gentamicin or nafcillin-tobramycin when compared with nafcillin alone killed significantly more S. aureus at 6 h for 33 of 35 isolates. A significant decrease in viable colony-forming units at 24 and 48 h was demonstrated for a smaller number of isolates. Using the agar dilution antibiotic susceptibility test, significant enhancement of activity was demonstrated against almost all isolates when cephalothin, cefazolin, or clindamycin was combined with gentamicin, tobramycin, or kanamycin. The combination of nafcillin or vancomycin with gentamicin, tobramycin, or kanamycin also showed enhanced activity against the majority of isolates. Oxacillin or methicillin when combined with the aminoglycosides showed enhancement of activity against the least number of isolates. Streptomycin was the least effective of the four aminoglycoside antibiotics studied.
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PMID:Enhancement of the effects of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics by aminoglycosides. 445 52

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative coccobacillus which is a very rare cause of bacterial endocarditis. Preexisting cardiac lesions are a main contributing factor, and antibiotic prophylaxis has long been felt necessary before dental or other manipulation to prevent endocarditis. Penicillin in combination with an aminoglycoside has been the most often used treatment regimen. We present a case of endocarditis caused by this organism which developed after antibiotic prophylaxis for dental cleaning. Streptomycin and rifampin therapy resulted in the cure of the infection. The treatment and epidemiology of Actinobacillus endocarditis are reviewed.
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PMID:Endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. 649 Aug 39

A previously described model of experimental Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis in rabbits without an indwelling catheter during the infectious processes was used to study the effect of long-term treatment with antibiotics. Groups of animals infected with six different strains were treated for four weeks and the following parameters were determined: survival rate, bacterial concentration in blood and vegetations, signs at autopsy indicating congestive heart failure. Before the therapeutic experiments, the tolerance of the rabbit to long-term exposure of the drugs penicillin and streptomycin was considered in a group of non-infected animals. Two out of 20 rabbits died with enteritis during the penicillin exposure, and a general weight reduction was observed. Streptomycin was apparently completely harmless. There was no therapeutic effect of streptomycin on S. faecalis endocarditis due to strains all designated resistant to streptomycin by MIC, except in rabbits infected with a strain, which showed partial susceptibility to the drug by IC50. Regardless of the therapeutic effect, evidence was obtained for rapid development of increased resistance of the infecting strains towards streptomycin. After long-term treatment with penicillin in either low or high dose some of the animals survived and the valves were sterilized in 37% of the animals after low-dose and in 39% after high-dose. It was observed that congestive heart failure occurred with the greatest frequency and intensity after infection with proteolytic strains.
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PMID:Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. 5. Results of long-term penicillin or streptomycin treatment of streptococcus faecalis endocarditis and the effect of long-term exposure of healthy rabbits to the same drugs. 680 49

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is indicated for the treatment of tuberculous and nontuberculous infections. Intramuscular injection is the recommended route of administration. There are few reports on intravenous administration of streptomycin. We describe the use of intravenous streptomycin to treat endocarditis due to a strain of Enterococcus faecalis with high-level resistance to gentamicin. Physicians should consider the intravenous route as an alternate method of administering streptomycin.
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PMID:Intravenous streptomycin: a useful route of administration. 788 50