Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014118 (endocarditis)
 15,629 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Amoxicillin is an aminopenicillin available in the United States only for oral use. It has an antibacterial activity and spectrum similar to that of ampicillin and is destroyed by gram-positive and gram-negative beta-lactamases. It is more active against enterococci and salmonellae than ampicillin, but less active against Shigella. It is better absorbed than ampicillin from the gastrointestinal tract with blood levels two to two and one half times those of ampicillin. Amoxicillin is an excellent agent to treat otitis media, bacterial sinusitis, bacterial exacerbations of bronchitis, acute lower-urinary-tract infections, gonorrhea, and typhoid. In special settings it may be useful as oral therapy of endocarditis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis and as prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis. When the cost of amoxicillin approaches that of ampicillin, it should replace that agent as the oral aminopenicillin of first choice.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment: drugs five years later. Amoxicillin. 3 42

Penicillin--"tolerant" Staphylococcus aureus strains are resistant to the lethal action of penicillins, but are inhibited by normal (low) concentrations. They are deficient in autolytic enzyme activity which appears to be necessary for bacteriolysis and the lethal action of penicillins. This "deficiency" is caused by a large excess of an inhibitor of autolysin. Seven such tolerant strains have been isolated from blood, bone, or sputum of patients who responded poorly to penicillin treatment of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or staphylococcal pneumonia. These isolates were of different phage-types, and most showed cross-tolerance to the killing action of cephalosporins or vancomycin, antibiotics to which they were sensitive (inhibited). They were killed at normal rates by gentamicin, cycloserine, and rifampicin. Population analysis indicated that the proportion of tolerant organisms within a resistant strain is 7% or less; their ability to inhibit autolytic activity within their own and neighbouring cells appears to account for the net decreased autolytic activity of the entire strain; 44% of the bacteraemic strains studied showed penicillin tolerance. Tolerance is thus a common, clinically important form of penicillin resistance, that differs from previously described forms of pencillin resistance, that due to beta-lactamase, and that due to "intrinsic" (e.g., methicillin resistance) mechanisms.
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PMID:A new type of penicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. 6 61

Gel-diffusion and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to quantify and to identify the immunoglobulin class of teichoic acid antibodies in patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis and a wide variety of other infections. Teichoic acid antibodies were identified by gel-diffusion in 14 of 23 patients with staphylococcal endocarditis, six of 30 with staphylococcal bacteremia without endocarditis, four of 35 with staphylococcal skeletal infections, and one of 45 with nonstaphylococcal infections. None of the 20 patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis had positive gel-diffusion assays, even though many had had their infections for several years. The ELISA method was more sensitive than gel-diffusion in measuring teichoic acid antibodies, but was also much less specific. Teichoic acid antibodies were detected predominantly in the IgG fraction of serum. Our findings suggest that the presence and degree of antigenemia are more important than the duration of the staphylococcal infection in stimulating production of teichoic acid antibodies.
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PMID:Teichoic acid antibodies in chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis. 10 31

The use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for detection of serum antibodies to staphylococcal teichoic acids was evaluated against teichoic acids prepared by sonic treatment or lysostaphin extraction of Staphylococcus aureus (Lafferty strain). Of 54 patient sera from suspected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or septicemia, 33 (61.1%) were positive by CIE analysis; however, 128 of 291 sera (44.0%) from normal adult donors were also positive. Selected CIE-positive sera from patient and control groups were titered by Ouchterlony gel diffusion. In the control group of normal sera, 65% were also positive by gel diffusion, but only 15% had titers of >/=1:2. Of the patient sera, 44.4% had gel diffusion titers of >/=1:2. In addition to the specific teichoic acid band, a second precipitation band could be demonstrated with both patient or normal sera by CIE or gel diffusion. This second precipitin band was shown to involve interactions of test sera with staphylococcal protein A present in the teichoic acid extracts. The protein A precipitins were detected at high concentrations of the antigen extracts, whereas the anti-teichoic acid precipitins were optimally detected at lower antigen concentrations. The formation of protein A precipitin bands did not correlate with the presence of anti-teichoic acid antibodies, as most sera tested were positive for protein A regardless of anti-teichoic acid activity. This study suggests that a high incidence of normal people have levels of antibodies to teichoic acids which are detectable by the highly sensitive, but nonspecific, technique of CIE.
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PMID:Counterimmunoelectrophoretic detection of a high incidence of precipitin reactions in normal human sera against staphylococcal teichoic acids and protein A. 10 90

Serious infections caused by organisms of the genus Bacillus developed in seven patients. Five drug abusers had either endocarditis or osteomyelitis, one leukemic patient had necrotizing fasciitis, and one patient had a ventriculoatrial shunt infection with recurrent bacteremia. All patients recovered. Experience with these cases reemphasizes the importance of not dismissing Bacillus organisms as culture contaminants, especially when isolated from blood, body fluids, or closed-space infections.
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PMID:Serious infections from Bacillus sp. 10 58

Actinobacilli infections in pigs are relatively rare. Most cases were septicaemic in the first week of life. With increasing age manifestations after generalized infections were characteristic, such as arthritis, polyarthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, osteomyelitis and embolic pneumonia. Of 34 porcine strains 33 were identified as A. equuli and only one was identical with A. suis. The justification of retaining this species is discussed.
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PMID:[Actinobacillus infections in swine (author's transl)]. 32 19

Cefoxitin was administered intravenously to 143 patients, 67% of whom were seriously ill. The rate of cure or improvement was 93%. The study was conducted in two phases; the first was an open, controlled clinical comparison of cefoxitin and cephalothin. In this phase, 28 patients received cefoxitin and 29 received cephalothin. In the second phase, cefoxitin alone was used for the treatment of an additional 115 patients. Twenty bacteremic patients treated with cefoxitin were cured or improved in 95% of cases. The infecting organism was eradicated in all bacteremic patients. All of 14 anaerobic or predominantly anaerobic infections were cured or improved. The infecting anaerobic organism was eliminated in 86% of the cases. Twenty-five patients infected by cephalothin-resistant, cefoxitin-susceptible gram-negative rods were cured. Three patients each with infective endocarditis and osteomyelitis were cured. The incidence of adverse experiences was: 1.4% drug eruption; 2% each asymptomatic serum transaminase elevation and leukopenia; and 2.5% asymptomatic eosinophilia. The incidence of severe thrombophlebitis was 5%. No permanent or serious adverse reactions were encountered. Although the numbers of patients in some categories were too small to permit statistical evaluation, I feel that cefoxitin may be a useful new antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by cehalothin-resistant bacteria and by anaerobic organisms.
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PMID:Results of a clinical trial of cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic. 33 68

Eikenella corrodens is a gram-negative rod that has been identified as a cause of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Because it is difficult to grow unless it is incubated in 10% carbon dioxide and because it may be overgrown by other organisms, it can be overlooked as a sinus pathogen. This is a report of the isolation of E corrodens from the sinuses of three patients with sinusitis. Three important features of infection with E corrodens, which are illustrated by these cases, are as follows: (1) the indolence of E corrodens infections; (2) the unusual susceptibility pattern of E corrodens; and (3) the fact that E corrodens is often isolated in mixed culture. The purulent contents of sinus cavities should be cultured in aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% carbon dioxide atmospheres.
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PMID:Sinus infection due to Eikenella corrodens. 35 19

30 patients were treated with i.v. cefoxitin (4-8 g/day), of which 20 had documented infections which included endocarditis (5), lung abscess (4), empyema (4), liver and subhepatic abscess (3), osteomyelitis (3), and pancreatic abscess (1). 14 patients had infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and 5 had endocarditis due to aerobic organisms. All but 2 patients with osteomyelitis of the mandible were cured. Adverse reactions were noted in 7 patients, mostly due to drug fever and leukocytosis; one had Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia. The average serum cefoxitin levels were 24, 16, 12, and 4 microgram/ml at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively, and the average serum/pleural fluid ratio was 1:0.5 +/- 0.25. All anaerobic and aerobic isolates except one strain of Bacteroides fragilis were susceptible to cefoxitin at less than or equal to 32 microgram/ml. The concentration of cefoxitin in the tissues was measured in 8 rabbits; it was 4 +/- 1 microgram/ml in the heart and 2 +/- 0.5 microgram/ml in the femur and mandibular tissue, suggesting that the lack of response in cases of osteomyelitis could be due to inadequate antibiotic concentration in the bone. Our study suggests that cefoxitin can be used in the treatment of anaerobic infections and endocarditis due to susceptible organisms.
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PMID:Clinical and experimental evaluation of cefoxitin therapy. 37 78

We have studied the occurrence and specificity of teichoic acid antibodies (TAAs), measured by double diffusion in agar, in 114 patients with bacteremia of whom 47 had coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia. A total of 30% of the 47 patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia had a TAA titer of 1:8 or more, and an additional 30% had a titer of 1:2 or 1:4. High TAA titers were most often connected with coagulase-positive staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and deep wound infections. None of the six coagulase-negative patients with staphylococcal bacteremia nor any of the 92 controls had titers exceeding 1:1. A total of 10% of the other patients with bacteremia showed positive results on the TAA test at low titer levels. Compared to the antistaphylolysin value, the TAA test was about equally specific but more sensitive.
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PMID:Teichoic acid antibody test: its use in patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia. 41 39


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