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 15,629 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is the recognised vector of Bartonella henselae, B. clarridgeiae and Rickettsia felis. Although these Gram-negative bacteria were only described in the last decade, they are already known to cause a variety of diseases in people, particularly children and the immunosuppressed. Such diseases include cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, bacteraemia, encephalopathy, neuroretinitis, osteomyelitis and peliosis hepatis. Although most infections in cats and dogs appear to be subclinical, recent studies have provided growing evidence that the bartonellas can also cause serious problems in pets, including hepatitis, endocarditis, central nervous system (CNS) signs, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, cataracts and reproductive failure. In 2004, DNA of B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and R. felis was demonstrated in cat fleas from New Zealand and pets and their owners in the country are thus at risk of infection. While flea control programmes have traditionally been advocated by veterinarians to prevent pruritus and tapeworms in pets, they should now also be recommended to prevent infections with the new flea-borne bacterial pathogens. To raise awareness of the organisms amongst veterinarians and animal health workers, this review describes: the biology of the organisms; clinical and laboratory features of infections in cats, dogs and people; diagnosis; and possible treatments and control of infections with these organisms.
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PMID:A review of bacterial pathogens in Ctenocephalides felis in New Zealand. 1576 35

Among the three lice which parasite the human being, the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a vector of infectious diseases. It lives and multiplies in clothes and human infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse: 1) Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus of which the most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed during the civil war in Burundi; 2) Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever, historically responsible of massive outbreaks in Eurasia and Africa, which prevails currently in Ethiopia and neighboring countries; 3) Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, and lymphadenopathy. Body louse infestation, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability, is reemergent worldwide. Recently, a forth human pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii, has been associated to the body louse.
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PMID:[Lice and lice-borne diseases in humans]. 1590 70

Cat scratch disease is an infection which often causes regional lymphadenopathy. Bartenolloses present a growing health problem both in human and veterinary medicine. They may be etiological fevers of unknown etiology, endocarditis, pneumonia, meningitis. The mildest clinical form is the cat scratch disease which proceeds as a mild regional lymphadenopathy. It is caused by Bartonellosis henselae. Animals, especially cats, are the sourse of infections. Lymphadenitis may remain for many weeks and requires differentiation from other causes of regional lymphadenopathy. Three typical cases of the disease are presented. All sick persons had contact with cats. In none case a primary change was observed. In the case no 1 the possibility of occurrence of the disease was not considered and it was diagnosed only after histopathological examination of lymphnodes. In the two other cases diagnoses were established on the basis of serological examination after a few days of admittance for hospital treatment. Cat scratch disease is rarely diagnosed in Poland probably due to insufficient knowledge of the clinical form of this disease. Swollen lymph nodes together with patient contact with a cat or other animals established during a detailed interviewing, raise suspicion of CSD. Denial by a patient of the primary change does not rule out diagnosis. When regional lymphadenopathy of cat scratch disease is taken into consideration in differential diagnosis and serological tests are carried out, it may be possible in many cases to eliminate any further diagnostics burdening a sick person.
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PMID:[Cat scratch disease--course, diagnosis]. 1696 83

Bartonella are vector-borne, fastidious Gram-negative bacteria causing persistent bacteremia in their reservoir hosts. Felids represent a major reservoir for several Bartonella species. Domestic cats are the main reservoir of B. henselae, the agent of cat-scratch disease. Prevalence of infection is highest in warm and humid climates that are optimal for the survival of cat fleas, as fleas are essential for the transmission of the infection. Flea feces are the likely infectious substrate. Prevalence of B. henselae genotypes among cat populations varies worldwide. Genotype Houston I is more prevalent in the Far East and genotype Marseille is dominant in western Europe, Australia, and the western United States. Cats are usually asymptomatic, but uveitis, endocarditis, neurological signs, fever, necrotic lesions at the inoculation site, lymphadenopathy, and reproductive disorders have been reported in naturally or experimentally infected cats. Domestic cats are also the reservoir of B. clarridgeiae and co-infection has been demonstrated. B. koehlerae has been isolated from domestic cats, and was identified in cat fleas and associated with a human endocarditis case. B. bovis was isolated from a few cats in the United States and B. quintana DNA was recently identified in a cat tooth. Bartonella spp. have also been isolated from free-ranging and captive wild felids from North America and Africa. Whereas, B. henselae was identified in African lions and a cheetah, some strains specific to these wild cats have also been identified, leading to the concept of a B. henselae group including various subspecies, as previously described for B. vinsonii.
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PMID:Bartonella infection in domestic cats and wild felids. 1711 49

The genus Bartonella now includes four species which may infect humans : B. bacilliformis, B. quintana, B. henselae, and B. elizabethae. B. bacilliformis, the agent of Carrion's disease, was the only species of the genus since 1993 when Rochalimaea species were removed from the genus Rochalimaea and included in the genus Bartonella, within the family Bartonellaceae. B. quintana is the etiologic agent of trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, septicemia, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy. B. henselae is responsible for bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis of the liver or the spleen, septicemia, endocarditis, and cat scratch disease. There is a single isolate of B. elizabethae, which was recovered from the blood of a patient involved with endocarditis. The spectrum of clinical manifestations related to Bartonella species has extended since 1990, partly because of newly available molecular biological techniques. However, some aspects of Bartonella-related diseases remain unsettled, including epidemiology, physiopathology, and optimum therapy to be administered.
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PMID:[Infections dues to Bartonella spp.]. 1729 3

Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm is a rare cause of abdominal pain in young adults that may be difficult to diagnose in the Emergency Department. This case highlights the significance of this condition as a possible diagnosis in young patients presenting with abdominal symptoms. A 32-year old woman presented with lower abdominal and back pain. She had four previous visits to the Emergency Department and one hospital admission with similar symptoms and had been discharged without a definite diagnosis. Her vascular risk factors included hypercholesterolemia and smoking. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed a non-leaking infrarenal saccular abdominal aortic aneurysm and para-aortic lymphadenopathy. A transthoracic echocardiogram excluded endocarditis. There was no evidence of bacterial, viral, or fungal infection on blood and serum assays, and her autoimmune screen was negative. She underwent urgent open repair using a synthetic graft. The aneurysmal wall and para-aortic lymph node histology confirmed the diagnosis of inflammatory aneurysm with periaortitis. She remained asymptomatic at 8 months after surgery with no evidence of additional aneurysmal disease. Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm is an unusual cause of abdominal pain in young adults. It is more likely in patients with persistent or recurrent abdominal symptoms.
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PMID:Inflammatory infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm in a young woman. 1802 83

Bartonellae are fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are widespread in nature with several animal reservoirs (mainly cats, dogs, and rodents) and insect vectors (mainly fleas, sandflies, and human lice). Thirteen species or subspecies of Bartonella have been recognized as agents causing human disease, including B. bacilliformis, B. quintana, B. vinsonii berkhoffii, B. henselae, B. elizabethae, B. grahamii, B. washoensis, B. koehlerae, B. rocha-limaea, and B. tamiae. The clinical spectrum of infection includes lymphadenopathy, fever of unknown origin, endocarditis, neurological and ophthalmological syndromes, Carrion's disease, and others. This review provides updated information on clinical manifestations and seroepidemiological studies with an emphasis on data available from Brazil.
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PMID:Human bartonellosis: seroepidemiological and clinical features with an emphasis on data from Brazil - a review. 1859 96

Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease, a human infection usually characterized by persistent regional lymphadenopathy. It is transmitted to humans by cat scratches or bites. Cats are the major reservoir for this bacterium thus B. henselae has a worldwide distribution. The bacterial pathogenicity may bay emphasized by the immune status of the infected host. Angiomatosis or hepatic peliosis are the most frequent clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. B. henselae is also responsible for endocarditis in patients with valvular diseases, and may induce various clinical presentations such as: bacteriemia, retinitis, musculoskeletal disorders, hepatic or splenic diseases, encephalitis, or myocarditis. Several diagnostic tools are available; they may be combined and adapted to every clinical setting. B. henselae is a fastidious bacterium; its diagnosis is mainly made by PCR and blood tests. No treatment is required for the benign form of cat scratch disease. For more severe clinical presentations, the treatment must be adapted to every clinical presentation.
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PMID:[Bartonella henselae, an ubiquitous agent of proteiform zoonotic disease]. 2004 6

Culture of Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple disease (WD), was achieved in our laboratory in 2000, allowing new perspectives for the diagnosis of this disease and for the description of other potential clinical manifestations caused by this microorganism. Since 2000, we have developed new tools in our center in Marseille, France, to optimize the diagnosis of T whipplei infections. Classic WD was characterized by positive periodic acid-Schiff performed on duodenal biopsy. In the absence of duodenal histologic involvement, localized infections were defined by specific positive T whipplei polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results obtained using samples of other tissues and body fluids. The physicians in charge of patients were asked to complete a questionnaire. A total of 215 diagnoses were performed or confirmed and, among these, 142 patients with sufficient clinical data were included.Herein, we report epidemiologic data, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic tools of T whipplei infections. In the 113 patients with classic WD, the main symptom was arthralgia (88/113, 78%), which explains the many cases misdiagnosed as inflammatory rheumatoid disease (56/113, 50%). Frequently immunosuppressive treatments, more recently including tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, had been previously prescribed (50%) and were often responsible for more rapid clinical progression (43%). Sometimes a short course of antibiotics improved the clinical status.Endocarditis was the second most frequent manifestation of T whipplei, with 16 cases. The clinical picture of this entity corresponds to cardiovascular involvement with acute heart failure (50%) occurring without fever (75%) or previous valvular disease (69%). Neurologic symptoms were the third major manifestation. Other localized infections such as adenopathy, uveitis, pulmonary involvement, or joint involvement were sporadic. Infection with T whipplei resulted in multifaceted conditions. Some localized infections due to this agent have recently been reported and may correspond to emerging entities. Patients with inflammatory rheumatoid disease must be systematically interviewed to determine the efficacy of previous immunosuppressive and antibiotic therapies.
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PMID:Systemic Tropheryma whipplei: clinical presentation of 142 patients with infections diagnosed or confirmed in a reference center. 2082 11

Rickesttsial diseases are a group of diseases caused by obligate intracellular gram negative bacilli and transmitted to man by arthropod vectors (except Q fever). It is increasingly realised that rickesttsial diseases are underdiagnosed. It is now well documented that rickettsial disease is prevalent all over India, in pockets. The hallmark of rickettsial infection is microvasculitis, causing microinfarcts in various organs. Usually the patients present with classical triad of Fever, Headache & Rash. Apart from this, pain in legs, oedema, Gastro-intestinal symptoms, hepato-splenomegaly, anaemia, necrotic rash, gangrene of digits, toes, earlobes, scrotum, painless eschar and lymphadenopathy are other manifestations. Complications include encephalitis, ARDS, pneumonia, Myocarditis, Renal failure and Vascular collapse. Endocarditis is seen in Q fever. Gold standard test for confirmation of diagnosis is I.F.A. Weil felix test is widely available but unacceptable for accurate diagnosis. Weil Felix test can be used in developing countries where other tests are not available. ELISA Should be preferred and is now available in India. The drug of choice for all age group is doxycycline. Rickettsia are potentially dangerous pathogens and unfortunately, specific serological tests are available in only a few specialized laboratories. Hence, it is imperative to have a high index of suspicion for Rickettsial diseases and make a clinical diagnosis based on prudent history taking and appropriate physical findings. A therapeutic trial with a specific agent in these patients is justified because a delay in initiating treatment may prove fatal. A rapid and favorable response is suggestive of a correct diagnosis.
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PMID:Childhood rickettsiosis. 2096 15


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