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 15,629 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Haemophilus influenzae is an aerobic pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacillus that requires both X and V factors for growth. It grows poorly, if at all, on ordinary blood agar unless streaked with Staph. aureus. It grows well on chocolate agar. Because this medium is often not used in culturing specimens from adults and because the organism may be overgrown by other bacteria, the frequency of H. influenzae infections has undoubtedly been seriously underestimated. This is aggravated by the failure of many physicians to obtain blood cultures in suspected bacterial infections and the failure of many laboratories to subculture them routinely onto chocolate agar. H. influenzae, along with Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major factor in acute sinusitis. It is probably the most frequent etiologic agent of acute epiglottitis. It is probably a common, but commonly unrecognized, cause of bacterial pneumonia, where it has a distinctive appearance on Gram stain. It is unusual in adult meningitis, but should particularly be considered in alcoholics; in those with recent or remote head trauma, especially with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea; in patients with splenectomies and those with primary or secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. It may rarely cause a wide variety of other infections in adults, including purulent pericarditis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, obstetrical and gynecologic infections, urinary and biliary tract infections, and cellulitis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is somewhat capricious in part from the marked effect of inoculum size in some circumstances. In vitro and in vivo results support the use of ampicillin, unless the organism produces beta-lactamase. Alternatives in minor infections include tetracycline, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. For serious infections chloramphenicol is the best choice if the organism is ampicillin-resistant or the patient is penicillin-allergic.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae infections in adults: report of nine cases and a review of the literature. 31 Sep 43

Seven cases of adult Haemophilus parainfluenzae infections diagnosed by positive blood cultures are compared with cases previously reported in the English literature. Three patients had pneumonia, while the others had epiglottitis with meningitis, pharyngitis, arthritis, and endocarditis, respectively. Nonendocarditic manifestations of adult H parainfluenzae infection were reported in four other cases. In addition to the diseases of our patients, H parainfluenzae also has been isolated from cerebral abscesses. Patients did well with antibiotic therapy and there were no deaths. Patients did well with antibiotic therapy and there were no deaths. Report of antibiotic sensitivity testing of 50 strains disclosed 6% of isolates resistant to ampicillin sodium, with all sensitive to chloramphenicol. If the antibiotic sensitivity of the organism is unknown, then chloramphenicol therapy should be instituted until adequate susceptibility studies have been performed. If the organism is sensitive to ampicillin, then this is the drug of choice.
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PMID:Adult bacteremic Haemophilus parainfluenzae infections. Seven reports of cases and a review of the literature. 47 36

From 1976 to 1985, 27 adult invasive Haemophilus infections were observed at the University Medical Center in Lausanne. Only 5 cases (19%) were caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, while 12 cases (44%) were due to Haemophilus species other than H. influenzae. Two out of 24 strains tested were ampicillin-resistant. The infections were meningitis in 8, pneumonia in 7, endocarditis in 5, sepsis of unknown origin in 4, epiglottitis in 2, and one gynecological infection. Except for the latter three patients, each case was associated with one or more underlying conditions. Seven patients died (26%), in three of whom death was directly related to the infectious process. This report and a review of the literature show that adult invasive Haemophilus infections are not uncommon and may be serious. Associated underlying diseases and advanced age are generally present. In contrast to infections occurring in children, invasive Haemophilus infections in adults are not restricted to encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b strains.
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PMID:[Invasive Haemophilus infections in adults]. 349 62

In a five-year period, 29 cases of bacteremia and/or meningitis in adults caused by Haemophilus influenzae were seen in our large community hospital. There were 17 cases of bacteremic pneumonia and 12 cases of serious extrapulmonary infections. The extrapulmonary infections included cases of endocarditis, meningitis, cholecystitis, epiglottitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and cellulitis. In contrast with the pediatric experience, H influenzae type B was the causative pathogen in only 45% of patients and only one isolate was ampicillin resistant.
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PMID:Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in adults. 349 80

In a retrospective study covering a 13-year period and a population of 817,900 inhabitants, 13 cases of invasive infection caused by Haemophilus species other than Haemophilus influenzae were found. Ten of the infectious episodes were caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae and three by Haemophilus aphrophilus. The clinical manifestations comprised endocarditis, meningitis, pleuropneumonia, epiglottitis and septicaemia from an unknown focus. These 13 infectious episodes caused by uncommon Haemophilus species constituted less than 3% of the total number (473) of invasive Haemophilus infections registered during the same period of time. Invasive H. influenzae infections were more common in all age groups than infections caused by other Haemophilus species. In contrast to H. influenzae infections, which predominate in childhood, invasive infections due to uncommon Haemophilus species had no predilection for any age group.
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PMID:Invasive infections caused by Haemophilus species other than Haemophilus influenzae. 387 45

The field of infectious diseases covers many entities that can be considered true medical emergencies. Included are meningitis, brain abscess, spinal epidural abscess, epiglottitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, endocarditis, certain intraabdominal infections, gas gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis. Because emergencies related to infectious agents are potentially the most readily reversible of all medical emergencies, it behooves us to diagnose them as rapidly and specifically as possible so that appropriate life-saving therapy may be begun expeditiously. This article reviews and summarizes the presentations of others in this issue and presents views on future prospects in the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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PMID:Rapid methods in clinical microbiology. Rapid methods. Overview and prospects for the future. 390 35

This paper reviews the role of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) as one of the most important pathogens causing invasive infectious diseases, especially in the first 2 years of life. In developing countries H. influenzae is responsible for 30% of all pneumonia cases with positive cultures and for 20% to 60% of all bacterial meningitis cases. In this study we compared Brazilian and international epidemiologic data obtained from several bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, 1966 to 1995; LILACS, 1982 to 1995; Thesis Databank, 1980 to 1995; and Dissertation Abstracts, 1988 to 1994). The incidence of Hib infection in Brazil was analyzed for individual states and for different ages, including within the first year of life. Meningitis cases were used as an incidence marker because of the difficulty in identifying the causative organism in such other infections as pneumonia, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, cellulitis, and endocarditis. Our analysis showed that the nationwide Brazilian data masked the regional incidence and lethality of H. influenzae. For example, in 1991 the national incidence was 18.4 per 100,000 children under 1 year of age. In the same period, the Federal District had an incidence of 175 per 100,000 among children between 4 and 6 months of age. Similarly, the North of Brazil had a 35% case fatality rate in 1987, whereas the rate was 22% for Brazil as a whole. This study raises issues concerning the relevant epidemiologic factors associated with Hib infection and the costs and benefits of prophylaxis and vaccination in the age groups most at risk.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic aspects of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection]. 1089 74

An exceptional case of microbiologically confirmed oral infection with Kingella kingae in an immunocompetent adult (30-year-old woman) is presented and the pathogenesis is discussed and related to known literature data.K. kingae is a rather common but yet relatively unknown commensal corroding bacterium from the oro- and nasopharynx in healthy children, which might turn into a human pathogen causing osteomyelitis, arthritis, spondylitis, endocarditis and intervertebral diskitis in young children and rarely endocarditis, septic arthritis, meningitis, epiglottitis, diskitis and bacteraemia in adults. Sofar K. kingae associated stomatitis was reported in children and a few adults, however, with concomitant herpes simplex virus infections, and without microbiological confirmation. In the described case no viral infection was found. The proven K. kingae stomatitis represents an extension of the pathogenic spectrum and suggests that the breach of the oral mucosal barrier can be caused by the bacterial pathogen itself. Whether a concomitant viral infection is necessary forK. kingae to actually invade the bloodstream remains to be considered.
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PMID:An adult case of oral infection with Kingella kingae. 1469 Jun 66

Atypical clinical presentations associated with group W meningococcal disease (MenW) are well-described and include pneumonia, septic arthritis, endocarditis and epiglottitis/supraglottitis. Following anecdotal reports of teenagers presenting with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, we undertook a case review of MenW cases in 15 to 19 year-olds diagnosed in England between July 2015 and January 2016. Of the 15 cases, seven presented with a short history of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; five of these seven cases died within 24 hours of presentation to hospital.
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PMID:Presentation with gastrointestinal symptoms and high case fatality associated with group W meningococcal disease (MenW) in teenagers, England, July 2015 to January 2016. 2703 55

Pasteurella is one of the zoonotic pathogens that can cause variety of serious infections in animals and humans such as bacteremia, septic shock, endocarditis, meningitis, prosthetic and native valve infections, osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, and even pneumonia with empyema. However, there have been few reports of upper respiratory involvements like tonsillitis and epiglottitis in humans. We present a case of recurrent Pasteurella glossitis after a cat scratch which has not been reported in humans.
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PMID:A Rare Case of Glossitis due to Pasteurella multocida after a Cat Scratch. 2784 Jul 49


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