Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014118 (endocarditis)
 15,629 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used by clinicians for the prevention of numerous infections, including sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus infection, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, recurrent cellulitis, meningococcal disease, recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis, influenza, malaria, infective endocarditis, pertussis, plague, anthrax, early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates, and animal bite wounds. Certain opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients also can be effectively prevented with primary antimicrobial prophylaxis. Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis is recommended for various surgical procedures to prevent surgical site infection. Optimal antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis are bactericidal, nontoxic, inexpensive, and active against the typical pathogens that cause surgical site infection postoperatively. To maximize its effectiveness, intravenous perioperative prophylaxis should be given within 30 to 60 minutes before the time of surgical incision. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be of short duration to decrease toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and excess cost.
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PMID:Antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults. 1063 Jul 64

Oritavancin is a novel glycopeptide antibiotic with concentration-dependent killing of Gram-positive cocci and pharmacokinetics characterized by extensive tissue distribution and a long terminal half-life. Its development was hindered by a 16- to 32-fold underestimation of activity against staphylococci and enterococci because of oritavancin's sticking to vials and tubes. Dose-fractionation studies in animal models suggested the peak concentration was the major index for efficacy. Once-daily intravenous administration of oritavancin was effective in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis, penicillin-susceptible and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits, staphylococcal and enterococcal central venous catheter infections in rats, and 24-hour postprophylaxis of inhaled anthrax in mice. Orally administered oritavancin was more effective than vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection in hamsters. Pharmacodynamics suggested that a single dose of oritavancin at 1200 mg would be efficacious in humans. Simulation of this dose in neutropenic mice was highly effective in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and MRSA thigh and bacteremia infections and pneumococcal lung infections.
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PMID:In vivo activity of oritavancin in animal infection models and rationale for a new dosing regimen in humans. 2243 52

Use of recreational drugs is associated with a number of histologic changes. These may be related to the method of administration or due to systemic effects of the drugs. This paper reviews the histopathological features seen following recreational drug use. With injection, there may be local effects from abscess formation and systemic effects may result in amyloidosis. Injections have been associated with necrotizing fasciitis, anthrax, and clostridial infections. Systemic effects include infective endocarditis, with the risk of embolization, and abscesses may be seen in organs in the absence of infective endocarditis. Viral complications of injection include hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Injecting crushed tablets can result in intravascular granulomata in the lungs. Smoking drugs is associated with intraalveolar changes, including blackand brown-pigmented macrophages in crack cocaine and cannabis smoking, respectively. Snorting may result in intraalveolar granulomata forming when crush tablets are used and there may be systemic granulomata. Stimulants are associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathology, including contraction band necrosis and myocardial fibrosis, as well as coronary artery dissection. Stimulants may cause hyperpyrexia and rhabdomyolysis, which may be associated with changes in multiple organs including myoglobin casts in the kidney. Opioids cause respiratory depression and this can be associated with inhalational pneumonia and hypoxia in other organs if there is resuscitation and a period of survival. Ketamine use has been associated with changes in the urothelium and the liver. This paper reviews histology changes that may be seen in drug-related deaths using illustrative cases.
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PMID:Histologic Changes In Recreational Drug Misuse. 3124 63