Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Encephalitogenic protein fraction (BEC) was isolated from bovine brain tissue by extraction with salt-ethanol mixture at neutral pH, instead of employing dilute mineral acid. The fraction BEC was separated into two fractions. An acid-soluble protein was encephalitogenic and the major component was very alike to the basic protein of myelin (Al). The other was acid-insoluble acidic protein that was not encephalitogenic even at a dose of 100 mug. The acidic protein formed an insoluble complex with Al rotein which was purified by Eylar's method. Encephalitogenic activity of the complex was higher than Al protein in young guinea pigs when injected with complete Freund's adjuvant.However, this enhancement of encephalitogenic activity was not observed in aged guinea pigs. The complex showed higher blastogenic activity than Al protein alone with peripheral blood lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with Al protein and complete Freund's adjuvant. These results show that an adjuvant-like acidic protein is present in brain tissue and the complex with Al protein enhances the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).
 ...
PMID:Enhancement of encephalitogenic activity by the formation of myelin basic protein-brain acidic protein complex. 5 52

A high-resolution light-microscopical (HRLM) technique is described to visualize myelin, and macrophages containing degradation products of myelin, in the spinal cords of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Cr-EAE) rats. This HRLM technique was developed to optimalize the correlation between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characteristics and histopathological images in this well-established animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Spinal cords were fixed by perfusion with a combination of cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, post-fixed in Dalton's fixative (containing osmium tetroxide), rinsed in water, processed in ethanol, acetone, and embedded in glycol methacrylate resin (Technovit 7100/HistoResin). Semi-thin sections were stained with Sudan Black B and counterstained with Cresyl Fast Violet, resulting in black staining of myelin and its degradation products, with blue/violet staining of demyelinated axons and other tissue elements. These dyes were selected with the aid of a numerical model of staining, which took both access and lipophilicity into account. The staining procedure is simple and highly reproducible. The resulting images are contrast rich, and combine excellent morphology with a high degree of lipid retention.
 ...
PMID:Staining myelin and myelin-like degradation products in the spinal cords of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Cr-EAE) rats using Sudan black B staining of glycol methacrylate-embedded material. 128 36

Eight commonly used chemical disinfectants and physical treatments (UV irradiation and heating) were applied to both enveloped RNA viruses (Sendai virus, canine distemper virus) and unenveloped RNA viruses (Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, reo virus type 3) to inactivate infectious virus particles. According to the results, alcohols (70% ethanol, 50% isopropanol), formaldehyde (2% formalin), halogen compounds (52ppm iodophor, 100ppm sodium hypochlorite), quaternary ammonium chloride (0.05% benzalkonium chloride) and 1% saponated cresol showed virucidal effects giving more than 99.95% reduction in the infectivity of virus samples of Sendai virus and canine distemper after 10 minutes exposure. There was no significant difference in the effects on the two enveloped RNA viruses. The susceptibility of unenveloped RNA viruses to chemical disinfectants and physical treatments differed greatly from the enveloped viruses. The two unenveloped viruses showed distinct resistance to 50% isopropanol, 2% formalin, 1% saponated cresol and to physical treatments (heating at 45, 56, 60 degrees C, and UV irradiation). These results indicate that using physicochemical methods to inactivate RNA viruses in laboratory animal facilities should be considered in accordance with the characteristics of the target virus. For practical purposes in disinfecting enveloped RNA viruses, 70% ethanol, 0.05% quaternary ammonium chloride and 1% saponated cresol diluted in hot water (greater than 60 degrees C) are considered as effective as UV irradiation. For unenveloped RNA viruses, halogen compounds, more than 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite or 260 ppm iodophor are recommended over a period of 10 minutes for disinfecting particles, although these compounds result in an oxidation problem with many metals.
 ...
PMID:Inactivation of laboratory animal RNA-viruses by physicochemical treatment. 280 88

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), is useful for preclinical testing for agents to be considered for treatment for this human demyelinating disease. Microtubules in lymphocytes play an important role in the cascade of human T cell activation, and paclitaxel (PTX), a microtubule stabilizer, can inhibit T cell function. A new formulation of micellar PTX, free of Cremophor and ethanol, was tested for its effect on the induction of EAE in Lewis rats. Adoptive EAE was induced with an encephalitogenic T cell line activated with guinea pig myelin basic protein (GP MBP) peptide 68-88. PTX (10 mg/kg) was administered 24 and 72 h after cell transfer. The clinical signs, fulminating in controls, were completely blocked by PTX, but mild CNS inflammation remained unaltered. A similar dose of PTX, given on days 6 and 8 to animals developing active EAE after immunization with GP MBP peptide 68-88 in complete Freund's adjuvant, greatly reduced the severity of paralysis and delayed the onset of disease by 8-9 days. Marked weight loss and severe toxicity were noted with higher and more prolonged administration. In vitro micellar PTX inhibited activation of encephalitogenic T cells by both specific antigen and mitogen. Lower doses and longer treatment programs may provide effective treatment with acceptable adverse effects with this agent in the treatment of inflammatory demyelinating disease.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat by paclitaxel. 1090 Mar 43

A biophysical hypothesis to explain the powerful ameliorating effects of weak (nanoTesla range) magnetic fields on melatonin-related diseases is presented. The effects are dependent upon the molarity of the melatonin within specific organ spaces. The optimal ameliorating effects upon experimental allergic encephalomyelitis for both the derived intensities (about 35 and 70 nT) and the frequency (7 Hz) were congruent with the empirical observations from previously published and unpublished experiments with rats involving about 1-5000 nT strengths of either 0.5, 7, 40, or 60 Hz magnetic fields. The hypothesis predicts that weaker magnetic fields within the nanoTesla to picoTesla range would optimally affect concentrations of melatonin (in this situation) within the micromolar range and that neurological states (epilepsy) or conditions (ethanol, antidepressants, sleep deprivation) that affect nocturnal melatonin levels in human beings would determine the optimal effective intensity within the 7 Hz range. The resonance solution also suggests that mitochondrial proton gradients may be critical to the process. The model offers an alternative explanation to the variations of Faraday's Law and the Boltzmann constant that have been employed to explain and to dismiss biological effects from weak magnetic fields.
 ...
PMID:A potential multiple resonance mechanism by which weak magnetic fields affect molecules and medical problems: the example of melatonin and experimental "multiple sclerosis". 1632 72

Homogenized brain, extracts, and residues of brain from normal and scrapie sheep were inoculated into 116 sheep. Of 72 sheep inoculated with scrapie material 27 developed the disease, whereas four of 44 inoculated with ;normal' brain material showed symptoms similar to those of scrapie. The scrapie agent survived extraction for 18 hours with diethyl ether followed by water for 24 hours. Similarly the agent survived extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus with 95 per cent ethanol containing 2.0 per cent 4 M HC1 for 24 hours. There was no evidence of demyelination in sections of brain and spinal cord supporting the view that allergic encephalomyelitis is not responsible for the scrapie symptoms. Liver function, as measured by the bromsulfalein test, remained normal until just before death. These results preclude that liver dysfunction contributes to the disease but do not exclude the possibilities of other metabolic derangements.
 ...
PMID:Scrapie I. Transmission and Pathogenesis. 1764 34

We have previously reported that highly oligomeric procyanidins (HOPC) purified from Jatoba, a South American herb, ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. In this present study, we report that symptoms of arthritis were also significantly reduced by administering the Jatoba extract, when compared with the vehicle-alone-treated control. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by the splenocytes from mice injected with procyanidins was also dramatically decreased. The oral administration of purified HOPC was significantly more effective in disease prevention than the ethanol (EtOH) extract of Jatoba. Green tea polyphenol administration, however, surprisingly facilitated disease development. Observation of the joint histopathology on whole paws derived from the HOPC-treated mice showed complete abrogation of collagen induced arthritis (CIA), a characteristic of chronic inflammation in the synovial tissue. These results demonstrate that HOPC administration had an inhibitory effect on both chronic arthritis and EAE and that the oral administration of HOPC exerted its effect after the induction of secondary immunity.
 ...
PMID:Oral administration of highly oligomeric procyanidins of Jatoba reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis. 1860 13

In this study, effect of ethanol extract of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice was evaluated. EAE was induced by immunization of 8 week old mice with MOG(35-55) with complete Freunds adjuvant. Therapy with saffron was started on day the immunization. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) was assessed by Ferric Reducing-Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. Nitric oxide (NO) production was also estimated by Griess reaction. For histological analysis, mice brain was harvested and sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. After daily oral dosage the saffron significantly reduced the clinical symptoms in C57BL/6 mice with EAE. Also, treated mice displayed a delayed disease onset compared with control mice. TAC production was significantly elevated in saffron treated mice. Effect of saffron on serum NO production was not significant. Typical spinal cord leukocyte infiltration was observed in control mice compared with saffron treated mice. These results suggest for the first time that saffron is effective in the prevention of symptomatic EAE by inhibition of oxidative stress and leukocyte infiltration to CNS and may be potentially useful for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
 ...
PMID:Effect of ethanol extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57bl/6 mice. 1963 72

Multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies modulate T-cell autoimmunity in the central nervous system (CNS) but may exacerbate latent infections. Fingolimod, a nonselective sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist that induces sustained lymphopenia and accumulates in the CNS, represents a new treatment modality for MS. We hypothesized that sustained lymphopenia would not be required for efficacy and that a selective, CNS-penetrant, peripherally short-acting, S1P(1) agonist would show full efficacy in a mouse MS model. Using daily treatment with 10 mg/kg 2-(4-(5-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl amino)ethanol (CYM-5442) at the onset of clinical signs in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein MOG(35-55)- induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), we assessed clinical scores, CNS cellular infiltration, demyelination, and gliosis for 12 days with CYM-5442, vehicle, or fingolimod. CYM-5442 levels in CNS and plasma were determined at experiment termination, and blood lymphopenia was measured 3 and 24 h after the last injection. Plasma levels of cytokines were assayed at the end of the protocol. Changes in S1P(1)-enhanced green fluorescent protein expression on neurons and astrocytes during active EAE and upon CYM-5442 treatment were quantified with flow cytometry and Western blotting by using native-locus enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged S1P(1) mice. S1P(1) agonism alone reduced pathological features as did fingolimod (maximally lymphopenic throughout), despite full reversal of lymphopenia within each dosing interval. CYM-5442 levels in CNS but not in plasma were sustained. Neuronal and astrocytic S1P(1) expression in EAE was suppressed by CYM-5442 treatment, relative to vehicle, and levels of key cytokines, such as interleukin 17A, were also significantly reduced in drug-treated mice. S1P(1)-selective agonists that induce reversible lymphopenia while persisting in the CNS may be effective MS treatments.
 ...
PMID:S1P(1) receptor modulation with cyclical recovery from lymphopenia ameliorates mouse model of multiple sclerosis. 2203 73

Since endothelial cells can be targeted by large contrast-carrying particles, molecular imaging of cerebrovascular cell activation is highly promising to evaluate the underlying inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cerebrovascular cell activation can reveal CNS disorders in the absence of visible lesions and symptoms. To this aim, we optimized contrast carrying particles targeting vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and MRI protocols through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Although, pre-contrast MRI images failed to reveal the ongoing pathology, contrast-enhanced MRI revealed hypoperfusion-triggered CNS injury in vascular dementia, unmasked amyloid-induced cerebrovascular activation in Alzheimer's disease and allowed monitoring of disease activity during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Moreover, contrast-enhanced MRI revealed the cerebrovascular cell activation associated with known risk factors of CNS disorders such as peripheral inflammation, ethanol consumption, hyperglycemia and aging. By providing a dramatically higher sensitivity than previously reported methods and molecular contrast agents, the technology described in the present study opens new avenues of investigation in the field of neuroinflammation.
 ...
PMID:Ultra-sensitive molecular MRI of cerebrovascular cell activation enables early detection of chronic central nervous system disorders. 2281 50


1 2 Next >>