Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuroborreliosis, a manifestation of infection with the spirochete Borellia burgdorferi, has become the most frequently recognised arthropod-borne infection of the nervous system in Europe and the USA. The best criterion of an early infection with B. burgdorferi is erythema migrans (EM), but this is present in only about 40-60% of patients with validated borreliosis. Therefore use of the duration of the disease as a classification criterion for neuroborreliosis is increasing, the chronic form being distinguished from the acute when symptoms persist for more than 6 months. The diverse manifestations of neuroborreliosis require that it be included in the differential diagnosis of many neurological disorders. In Europe, meningopolyradiculoneuritis (Bannwarth's syndrome) represents the most common manifestation of acute neuroborreliosis, with the facial nerve being affected much more frequently than the other cranial nerves. Clinical symptoms affecting the central nervous system are rarely observed and then mostly in chronic courses. By far the most common manifestation of chronic neuroborreliosis is encephalomyelitis with spastic-ataxic disturbances and a disturbance of micturition. The current diagnosis of neuroborreliosis is a clinical one, which has to be confirmed by laboratory testing. In most patients, examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reveals lymphocytic pleocytosis, damage to the blood-CSF-barrier and an intrathecal synthesis immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, and sometimes IgA. Confirmation of a borrelial infection of the nervous system requires demonstration of an intrathecal synthesis of borrelial-specific antibodies in the CSF or detection of borrelial DNA in the CSF by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There is no generally accepted therapeutic regime for the treatment of neuroborreliosis, but recent studies have shown ceftriaxone 2 g/day and cefotaxime 6 g/day to be effective in acute and chronic courses. Penicillin G 20 mega units/day and doxycycline 200 mg/day may be suitable for uncomplicated meningopolyneuritis, without involvement of the central nervous system. The durationof treatment--at least 2 weeks in the acute forms and 3 weeks in the chronic forms of neuroborreliosis--is very important for successful treatment. Corticosteroids are recommended only for patients with severe pain that does not respond to antibiotics an analgesics.
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PMID:Neuroborreliosis. 961 4

Treatment of nervous system Lyme disease depends on the severity and site of involvement. Although some data indicate that uncomplicated Lyme meningitis can be treated effectively with oral doxycycline, central nervous system infection (meningitis, radiculitis, encephalomyelitis, and cranial neuritis) is usually treated with parenteral antibiotics for 14 to 30 days, depending on disease severity, as is severe and progressive peripheral nervous system involvement. Ceftriaxone, 2 g/d, is the most commonly used regimen; cefotaxime, 2 g every 8 hours, appears to be equally effective. Penicillin in meningeal doses is also effective, perhaps slightly less so than the third-generation cephalosporins, but it is less convenient to administer. For patients with prohibitive drug allergies, treatment with oral doxycycline in doses of 300 to 400 mg/d may be effective. In patients with facial palsy or with indolent peripheral neuropathies, a trial of oral medication (doxycycline, 100 mg two or three times a day, or amoxicillin, 500 to 1000 mg three times a day for 21 to 30 days) is reasonable. Patients for whom this fails are treated with parenteral medications.
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PMID:Neuroborreliosis (Nervous System Lyme Disease). 1109 3

There is a need for novel drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. Cyclic peptides constitute a class of compounds that have made crucial contributions to the treatment of certain diseases. Penicillin, Vancomycin, Cyclosporin, the Echinocandins and Bleomycin are well-known cyclic peptides. Cyclic peptides, compared to linear peptides, have been considered to have greater potential as therapeutic agents due to their increased chemical and enzymatic stability, receptor selectively, and improved pharmacodynamic properties. They have been used as synthetic immunogens, transmembrane ion channels, antigens for Herpes Simplex Virus, potential immunotherapeutic vaccines for diabetes and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis - an animal model of Multiple Sclerosis, as inhibitors against alpha-amylase and as protein stabilizers. Herein, we review important cyclic peptides as therapeutic agents in disease.
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PMID:Round and round we go: cyclic peptides in disease. 1691 50