Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Various avian viruses (infectious bursal agent, reovirus, adenovirus, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, poxvirus, avian encephalomyelitis and infectious laryngotracheitis virus) as suspensions in buffer or in a litter slurry were exposed to aerosolized formalin in an attempt to determine the efficacy of this fumigation method for decontamination of laboratory isolation cubicles. Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was delivered by a commercial insecticide fogger at a flow rate of 40 ml per minute and a volume of 36 ml per cubic meter of space. Fumigated cubicles were left sealed for 18 hr (cycle 1) before viruses were sampled, or were then exposed to a second fumigation and left sealed for an additional six hour period (cycle 2) before viruses were titrated (commencing at a 1:10 dilution) for residual infectivity. Although the infectivity of all viruses was reduced by over 99% by one fumigation cycle, the second cycle was necessary for reduction of Newcastle disease and reoviruses to non-detectable (no infectivity demonstrated in a 1:10 dilution of fumigated virus) levels.
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PMID:The sensitivity of some avian viruses to formaldehyde fumigation. 57 54

A high-resolution light-microscopical (HRLM) technique is described to visualize myelin, and macrophages containing degradation products of myelin, in the spinal cords of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Cr-EAE) rats. This HRLM technique was developed to optimalize the correlation between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characteristics and histopathological images in this well-established animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Spinal cords were fixed by perfusion with a combination of cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, post-fixed in Dalton's fixative (containing osmium tetroxide), rinsed in water, processed in ethanol, acetone, and embedded in glycol methacrylate resin (Technovit 7100/HistoResin). Semi-thin sections were stained with Sudan Black B and counterstained with Cresyl Fast Violet, resulting in black staining of myelin and its degradation products, with blue/violet staining of demyelinated axons and other tissue elements. These dyes were selected with the aid of a numerical model of staining, which took both access and lipophilicity into account. The staining procedure is simple and highly reproducible. The resulting images are contrast rich, and combine excellent morphology with a high degree of lipid retention.
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PMID:Staining myelin and myelin-like degradation products in the spinal cords of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Cr-EAE) rats using Sudan black B staining of glycol methacrylate-embedded material. 128 36

Eight commonly used chemical disinfectants and physical treatments (UV irradiation and heating) were applied to both enveloped RNA viruses (Sendai virus, canine distemper virus) and unenveloped RNA viruses (Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, reo virus type 3) to inactivate infectious virus particles. According to the results, alcohols (70% ethanol, 50% isopropanol), formaldehyde (2% formalin), halogen compounds (52ppm iodophor, 100ppm sodium hypochlorite), quaternary ammonium chloride (0.05% benzalkonium chloride) and 1% saponated cresol showed virucidal effects giving more than 99.95% reduction in the infectivity of virus samples of Sendai virus and canine distemper after 10 minutes exposure. There was no significant difference in the effects on the two enveloped RNA viruses. The susceptibility of unenveloped RNA viruses to chemical disinfectants and physical treatments differed greatly from the enveloped viruses. The two unenveloped viruses showed distinct resistance to 50% isopropanol, 2% formalin, 1% saponated cresol and to physical treatments (heating at 45, 56, 60 degrees C, and UV irradiation). These results indicate that using physicochemical methods to inactivate RNA viruses in laboratory animal facilities should be considered in accordance with the characteristics of the target virus. For practical purposes in disinfecting enveloped RNA viruses, 70% ethanol, 0.05% quaternary ammonium chloride and 1% saponated cresol diluted in hot water (greater than 60 degrees C) are considered as effective as UV irradiation. For unenveloped RNA viruses, halogen compounds, more than 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite or 260 ppm iodophor are recommended over a period of 10 minutes for disinfecting particles, although these compounds result in an oxidation problem with many metals.
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PMID:Inactivation of laboratory animal RNA-viruses by physicochemical treatment. 280 88

An immunological assay was developed to characterize the binding of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus to BHK-21 cell receptors. After absorption of the virus and formaldehyde fixation, rabbit antibodies and Staphylococcus aureus protein A labeled with 125I formed a specific complex on the surfaces of the cells. The optimal multiplicity of infection in this system was 10 PFU per cell. The virus was internalized at 33 and 37 degrees C, but internalization did not take place at 25 or 4 degrees C. The binding was proportional to the number of cells and was significant within 30 s. Cell surface receptors were still active after fixation, and only intact viruses were bound, as demonstrated by the lack of binding of the purified, isolated virion proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3.
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PMID:Receptors for Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus: characterization by using rabbit antiviral antiserum. 284 43

To assess the neurourological disturbances produced by the perivascular inflammatory process in the acute phase of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, we carried out a controlled study. Forty-six New Zealand male rabbits were inoculated with an encephalitogenic preparation. Twenty-seven of them developed neurological deficits in an average of 9.3 days postinoculation. A sample of 19 subjects was used as a control. The subjects were studied within 2 days after the manifestation of the first sign of encephalomyelitis. An average of eight successive cystosphincterograms were recorded. Their entire central nervous system was removed intact and suspended in 10% neutral buffered Formalin solution for 2 weeks, then cut into segments, embedded in paraffin, and finally stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol Fast Blue. The results demonstrated a significant reduction of mean vesical capacity, maximum urethral pressure, and mean urethral pressure in the group with encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, we found a significant negative correlation between the average number of cellular perivascular infiltrates in the spinal sacral segment and urethral pressures. The results showed a significant negative correlation between supreamesencephalic inflammation and mean vesical capacity.
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PMID:Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a neurourological study. 333 19

When treated with formaldehyde, Tween 80, sodium oleate and Nonidet P-40, avian infectious bronchitis virus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus as well as the human coronavirus show similar inner structures by negative staining. The first one is an inner membranous bag. This structure could be evaginated following treatments used and does not show the characteristic projections of coronaviruses. Subsequently, the inner fold could be separated from the outer membrane at the point of junction between these two membranes. Each virus does not react in the same way to the action of the different products. The transmissible gastroenteritis virus appears more sensitive to treatments than other viruses. On the other hand, the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus is the most resistant. The variable sensitivities of these viruses are not related to the type of host-cells. Also, a second internal structure, which is more dense than the viral particle, encircles partially the aperture of the internal tongue-shaped structure and seems to emerge from the viral particle through the aperture of the inner bag.
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PMID:Inner structures of some coronaviruses. 626 23

'Reduction' and 'Refinement' can be achieved in transgenic mouse studies by re-deriving transgenic mouse lines and subsequently maintaining them under high standards of husbandry in a unit with restricted access. This report describes the initial steps of a project to improve the health and welfare of transgenic mice at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), by re-deriving transgenic lines as microbiologically defined animals to be maintained in a barrier unit in a newly constructed animal facility. A pilot study showed that it was possible to transfer embryos obtained from contaminated donor mice in the old facility to specific pathogen free recipients housed in a ventilated cabinet in the new unit, without concomitant carry over of disease. The offspring born following embryo transfer were of high health status and did not show any evidence of contamination with any of the pathogens present in the mice in the old animal unit. Antibodies to various murine viruses (mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), rota virus, reo-3 virus, Theilers encephalomyelitis virus, adenovirus) and parasites were present in sentinel animals from the old animal house whereas the re-derived animals were found to be free of virus antibodies and parasites. Therefore the methods used were considered to be successful in terms of disease prevention and enhancement of welfare. The barrier unit was sterilized without the use of formaldehyde or related substances, to minimize the risks to personnel and to the environment from using potentially dangerous substances. From the results of in vitro and in vivo screening, the protocol for sterilization described here was found to be effective in achieving microbiological sterility of the barrier unit and was cost effective.
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PMID:Techniques of embryo transfer and facility decontamination used to improve the health and welfare of transgenic mice. 1078 Aug 37

Self-reactive T cells escape deletion in the thymus and are found in the peripheral repertoire. Because bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) are potent activators of antigen-specific T cells, these cells could theoretically activate self-reactive T cells leading to autoimmunity. We investigated whether BM-DC could induce the autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our results show that transfer of BM-DC presenting a self-peptide from the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) into naive mice induced EAE 7-14 days later. MOG35-55-specific T cells of the Th1 phenotype were present in the lymph nodes and spleens of mice that received live peptide-pulsed BM-DC. Heat-killed or formaldehyde-fixed BM-DC presenting MOG35-55 could induce neither clinical signs of EAE nor a measurable T-cell response in vitro. These data show that live BM-DC presenting a self-antigen can induce the organ-specific autoimmune disorder EAE in a non-transgenic system. Therefore, this new EAE model could be used as a more clinically relevant model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. These findings could also have implications for the use of DC immunotherapy in a clinical setting.
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PMID:Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in naive mice by dendritic cells presenting a self-peptide. 1186 58

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with recombinant human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in the common marmoset is a useful preclinical model of multiple sclerosis in which white matter lesions can be well visualized with MRI. In this study we characterized lesion progression with quantitative in vivo MRI (4.7 T; T(1) relaxation time +/- Gd-DTPA; T(2) relaxation time; magnetization transfer ratio, MTR, imaging) and correlated end stage MRI presentation with quantitative ex vivo MRI (formaldehyde fixed brains; T(1) and T(2) relaxation times; MTR) and histology. The histopathological characterization included axonal density measurements and the numeric quantification of infiltrated macrophages expressing markers for early active [luxol fast blue (LFB) or migration inhibition factor-related protein-14 positive] or late active/inactive [periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive] demyelinating lesion. MRI experiments were done every two weeks until the monkeys were sacrificed with severe EAE-related motor deficits. Compared with the normal appearing white matter, lesions showed an initial increase in T(1) relaxation times, leakage of Gd-DTPA and decrease in MTR values. The progressive enlargement of lesions was associated with stabilized T(1) values, while T(2) initially increased and stabilized thereafter and MTR remained decreased. Gd-DTPA leakage was highly variable throughout the experiment. MRI characteristics of the cortex and (normal appearing) white matter did not change during the experiment. We observed that in vivo MTR values correlated positively with the number of early active (LFB+) and negatively with late active (PAS+) macrophages. Ex vivo MTR and relaxation times correlated positively with the number of PAS-positive macrophages. None of the investigated MRI parameters correlated with axonal density.
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PMID:Quantitative MRI-pathology correlations of brain white matter lesions developing in a non-human primate model of multiple sclerosis. 1694 76

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease and neurological complications, and no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are currently available. Formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccines derived from EV71 clinical isolates and a mouse-adapted virus (MAV) were tested in a mouse model of EV71 encephalomyelitis. After only two immunizations, given to mice at 1 and 7 days of age, the MAV vaccine protected mice at 14 days of age from disease. Tissues from immunized mice were negative for virus by viral culture, reverse transcriptase PCR, immunohistochemistry analysis, and in situ hybridization. Cross-neutralizing EV71 antibodies to strains with genotypes B3, B4, and C1 to C5 generated in immunized adult mice were able to passively protect 14-day-old mice from disease.
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PMID:Formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccine protects a murine model of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis against disease. 1986 78


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