Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 26-year-old man went blind as part of a multifocal central nervous system disease. Bilateral optic nerve head pallor developed four weeks later. There had been no papilledema. In this setting, the appearance of optic atrophy without preceding papilledema in part led to the clinical diagnosis of severe disseminated encephalomyelitis. At autopsy multiple brain abscesses were found, including an area of inflammation within the chiasm.
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PMID:Optic neuropathy due to brain abscess. 94 69

In the brains and spinal cords of 153 adult patients dying with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at New York and Memorial Hospitals a subacute encephalitis with multinucleated cells was present in 28% of all patients. This encephalitis was characterized by multinucleated cells primarily located in the white matter and associated with myelin pallor and sparse infiltrates of rod cells, macrophages, gemistocytic astrocytes and lymphocytes. The incidence per 12 month period ranged from 0 to 43% and significantly increased between 1983-84 (14%) and 1984-85 (43%). Recent virologic and pathologic studies suggest that this encephalitis may be caused by direct LAV/HTLV-III infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Cytomegalovirus encephalomyelitis and toxoplasmosis were the most common opportunistic infections (26% and 10%, respectively). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, herpes simplex ventriculitis, varicella-zoster leukoencephalitis and fungal infections were infrequent (less than 3% each). A nonspecific encephalitis with microglial nodules and with mild white matter changes occurred in 17%, vacuolar myelopathy in 29% and CNS lymphoma in 6%. Less than 20% of patients had either normal brains or terminal metabolic encephalopathies. This survey shows that neuropathologic complications of AIDS are frequent. Infections are the most common complication and are caused by probable LAV/HTLV-III infection, or by opportunistic organisms.
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PMID:Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): an autopsy review. 302 14

The pathology and pathogenesis of tuberculous encephalopathy are reviewed. They confirm the findings in a smaller series previously published. The main features were: diffuse brain edema and myelin pallor in the majority of specimens; microvascular distension or necrosis with perivascular macrophage reaction and greater demyelination; focal glial nodules in the white matter; less frequently, hemorrhagic lesions in the presence of mild-to-moderate tuberculous meningitis (TM), but in the virtual absence of the commoner brain-damaging mechanisms. Focal demyelinating lesions in the nerve roots are now added to the above pathology in the brain in some of the cases of spinal tuberculous meningitis. In addition, a picture similar to that in human postinfectious allergic or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) has emerged. The spinal cords from one case of the former condition and from four animals with EAE are described to illustrate this similarity. The pathogenesis of tuberculous encephalopathy and myeloradiculopathy is believed, as before, to be due to delayed hypersensitivity, i.e., cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to tuberculoprotein. Experimental confirmation of this demyelination as a nonspecific consequence of CMI to various forms of tubercle bacillus proteins has recently been published. In a proportion of our cases, where two episodes of TM had occurred, the possibility of a hypersensitivity reaction to the brain's own myelin protein is also considered.
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PMID:The pathology and pathogenesis of tuberculous encephalopathy and myeloradiculopathy: a comparison with allergic encephalomyelitis. 373 Nov 58

A 45 year old male came with fever, headache, altered sensorium pallor and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Laboratory investigations confirmed typhoid fever. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was suggestive of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
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PMID:Acute disseminated encehalomyelitis with typhoid fever. 1077 99

The differential diagnosis of acute loss of vision in children includes acute loss of vision due to retinal or optic nerve disease, and cortical blindness. The retinal disorders which may be mis diagnosed as optic neuritis include Leber neuroretinitis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and Stargardt macular dystrophy. Retinal changes which evolve in neuroretinitis, and the pseudopapilledema in Leber heredity optic neuropathy are helpful in differentiating these disorders from optic neuritis. Stargardt macular dystrophy, a disorder associated with a variety of mutations, may be mis diagnosed as psychogenic visual loss due to the early normal appearance of the retina, and the loss of vision over a period of weeks. The differentiation of optic neuritis from anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), depends upon the initial appearance of the optic disc (in AION either hyperemia due to reperfusion, or swelling and pallor if total infarction has occurred). The authors have described children with abrupt loss of vision during renal dialysis, whose risk factors for AION included systemic hypotension and intra ocular hypertension. Children with vigorous treatment of accelerated hypertension, and children with migraine and pro thrombotic disorders have also incurred AION. Thus, AION should be suspected when acute loss of vision occurs in association with certain ocular and systemic risk factors. In children capable of cooperating for visual field examination, the typical change in AION is an altitudinal defect, while optic neuritis it is a central scotoma. The association of optic neuritis with multiple sclerosis, DeVic disease, and with acute demyelinating1 encephalomyelitis require special consideration in regard to treatment and prognosis. Acute loss of vision due to cerebral cortical insults involves a large differential diagnosis which includes vascular, metabolic and infective disease; as well as disorders causing transitory blindness such as seizures and migraine
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PMID:[Acute loss of vision in children]. 1259 57