Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Borna disease is a virus-induced, immunopathological encephalomyelitis in which CD4+ cells and macrophages dominate the pathological picture. However, significant numbers of CD8+ cells have been morphologically identified in perivascular infiltrates as well. To determine the contribution of different T-cell subsets to the pathogenesis of Borna disease, virus-infected rats were treated with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Both types of monoclonal antibodies were able to significantly decrease or even prevent the local inflammatory reaction in the brain if given early during the infection. However, CD8-specific monoclonal antibodies appeared to be more effective than antibodies directed against CD4+ cells. Treatment initiated 4 days postinfection did not result in inhibition of encephalitis and disease. Virus titers in the brain of infected rats treated with T-cell-specific antibodies did not differ from titers in untreated infected control animals. The results indicate an important functional role of CD8+ cells, in addition to CD4+ cells, in the pathogenesis of Borna disease.
 ...
PMID:Preventive effects of early anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 treatment on Borna disease in rats. 137 5

Beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) is a small protein that forms the light chain of the class I major histocompatibility molecule and is also present in soluble form in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Measles is associated with immune activation and evidence of immunologic abnormalities that persist for several weeks. To assess further the immunologic changes occurring during measles, beta 2m was measured in plasma and CSF. beta 2m became elevated during measles before the onset of the rash and was highest during the rash. Elevations persisted for several weeks and correlated well with levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and neopterin and less well with soluble CD8. CSF beta 2m was elevated in postmeasles encephalomyelitis. Plasma levels of beta 2m did not correlate with spontaneous proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or with in vitro production of beta 2m by cultured PBMC. The data suggest that increases in beta 2m in measles correlate better with cytokine production than with cell proliferation.
 ...
PMID:Immune activation during measles: beta 2-microglobulin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in complicated and uncomplicated disease. 140 29

We examined lymphocytes isolated from the spinal cord (SC), peripheral blood (PB) and lymph nodes (LN) draining the immunization site of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Cells were analysed for T cell subset markers CD4 (mAb W3/25) and CD8 (mAb OX8), for IL-2R (mAb OX39), and for high molecular mass leukocyte common antigen (LCA, CD45RB) expression (mAb OX22). T cells expressing high (CD45RB+) or low (CD45RB-) molecular mass LCA are of different maturational stages and/or separate lineages. CD4+ T cells were more predominant in SC than in PB and LN; CD8+ T cells were scarce in SC but common in PB and LN. Activated CD4+ T cells (IL-2R+) were common in the SC and LN but infrequent in blood. CD4+ T cells that were CD45RB+ were scarce in the SC. In contrast, the majority of CD4+ T cells in the PB and LN were CD45RB+. The preferential accumulation of IL-2R+ CD4+ T cells and of CD45RB- CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) indicates that a selective mechanism directs cell egress into CNS lesions in EAE.
 ...
PMID:Preferential increase of IL-2R+ CD4+ T cells and CD45RB- CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. 153 14

Mice lacking in CD8 were generated from homologous recombination in embryonal stem cells at the CD8 locus and bred with the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)-susceptible PL/JH-2u through four backcross generations to investigate the role of CD8+ T cells in this model of multiple sclerosis. The disease onset and susceptibility were similar to those of wild-type mice. However, the mutant mice had a milder acute EAE, reflected by fewer deaths, but more chronic EAE, reflected by a higher frequency of relapse. This suggests that CD8+ T lymphocytes may participate as both effectors and regulators in this animal model.
 ...
PMID:Less mortality but more relapses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in CD8-/- mice. 158

The technique of in vivo depletion with T cell subset-specific monoclonal antibodies was used to study the involvement of CD8+T cells in protection/pathogenesis during the acute and chronic demyelinating phases of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced disease. Mice rendered CD8-deficient prior to infection with TMEV were less efficient at clearing virus from the central nervous system compared to intact animals and also suffered demyelinating disease of earlier onset and increased severity. This indicates that CD8+ cells have a protective role in virus clearance at early times post-infection, and may also be involved in downregulating the severity of the chronic demyelinating disease. How CD8+ T cells function to produce these effects is discussed.
 ...
PMID:The role of CD8+T cells in the acute and chronic phases of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced disease in mice. 162 6

The expression of a battery of adhesion-related molecules and cytokines was investigated by immunocytochemistry in the central nervous system (CNS) of SJL/J mice sensitized for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These molecules consisted of the ligands MECA-325, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and major histocompatibility complex molecules I and II, plus the receptors lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, CD8, and CD4. The cytokines comprised interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. EAE was induced by the adoptive transfer of myelin basic protein-sensitized lymphocytes. MECA-325, a marker for murine high endothelial venules in lymph node tissue, was absent from normal CNS tissue, was expressed at low levels on venules 24 to 48 hours before the onset of clinical signs, rose to maximal levels during acute disease, decreased to preclinical levels during remissions, and rose again during relapses. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, major histocompatibility antigen-I, and major histocompatibility antigen-II showed similar fluctuations around CNS vessels. The receptors lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 and CD4 fluctuated in parallel with the above molecules, whereas CD8 remained at a similar low level. Interferon-gamma was present during the acute, remitting, and relapsing phases and was localized to inflammatory cells, whereas tumor necrosis factor occurred at low levels only. Thus, several molecules associated with lymphocyte traffic in lymphoid tissue are selectively expressed in a stage-specific manner within the target organ, the CNS, during EAE. This suggests that the CNS may act as an ancillary organ of the immune system, and that cellular traffic into the CNS during EAE is related to the fluctuating expression of several distinct adhesion-related molecules, frequently co-expressed on the same vessel. The findings may have relevance to the sequence of events in the developing CNS lesion of multiple sclerosis.
 ...
PMID:Adhesion-related molecules in the central nervous system. Upregulation correlates with inflammatory cell influx during relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 167 55

Multiple sclerosis plaques were immunohistochemically stained to exhibit cells expressing immune-system antigens. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-positive cells formed dense rings around all plaque regions. The majority were reactive microglia/macrophages. Counterstaining with oil red O revealed heavy myelin debris within these cells. They were distinct from astrocytes, which were identified with an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and which did not contain oil red O myelin debris. Numerous leukocytes and microglia were stained with antibody to leukocyte common antigen (LCA). Lymphocytes in cuffs around vessels, along the margins of capillary walls, and, sparingly, in the tissue matrix of affected areas, were stained with antibodies to CD4 (T-helper/inducer) and CD8 (T-cytotoxic/suppressor). In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in Lewis rats, a similar proliferation of Ia-positive (OX6, OX17) cells displaying reactive microglia/macrophage morphology was observed. These Ia-positive cells also were easily distinguished from GFAP-positive astrocytes. The results suggest that macrophages/reactive microglia, and not astrocytes, express class II MHC antigens in multiple sclerosis and EAE plaques.
 ...
PMID:Cellular immune response in multiple sclerosis plaques. 169 25

The E variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus causes an encephalomyelitis and coagulative necrosis of the pancreas and parotid glands in some but not all strains of inbred and outbred mice. In other models of disease caused by picornaviruses, depletion of specific lymphocyte subsets abrogates the development of tissue lesions. In this study, severe encephalomyelitis and acinar pancreatitis and parotitis developed in adult male A/J mice infected with 100 PFU of EMC virus. Depletion of the CD4+ subset of T lymphocytes in vivo with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) prior to EMC virus inoculation protects mice from developing encephalomyelitis, pancreatitis, and parotitis. This effect is also seen when animals are treated with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 in combination, but the anti-CD8 MAb alone does not ameliorate the disease. Overall, concentrations of virus in tissues from anti-CD4-treated animals are lower than in immunologically intact control mice. Small-plaque variants of virus were also recovered from the tissues in some animals in this group. CD4+ lymphocytes are involved in the expression of EMC virus-induced pancreatitis and parotitis in A/J mice. This specific subset of T cells would appear to influence EMC viral tropism or replication in various organs.
 ...
PMID:Immunomodulation of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced disease in A/J mice. 170 84

A T-suppressor (Ts) cell line of CD8 phenotype was isolated from spleens of SJL/J mice that had recovered from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by injection of MBP-activated T cells. The Ts cell line inhibited the proliferation of MBP-sensitized T cells in vitro. Addition of recombinant IL-2 enhanced the Ts-mediated suppression. Adoptively transferred Ts line was able to downgrade EAE in mice subsequently challenged with MBP-activated T cells. The mechanism of suppression appeared to involve neither direct cytolysis of the effector T cells nor the production of a soluble suppressor factor. The findings suggest an in vivo role for suppressor T cells in the regulation of EAE.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of a T suppressor cell line that downgrades experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice. 170 9

T cell lines selected from Lewis rats recovered from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) respond not only to the immunodominant 72-89 epitope of basic protein (BP), but also to secondary epitopes including the I-A restricted 43-67 region of guinea pig (Gp) BP and the I-E restricted 87-99 sequence of rat (Rt) BP. The current study demonstrates at the clonal level the diversity of T cell responses to Gp- and Rt-BP in EAE-recovered rats. As predicted from the response pattern of BP-selected T cell lines, T cell clones from the lines responded to both the dominant and secondary epitopes of BP. In addition, a new majority clonal type was identified that responded to whole BP but not to epitopes represented on enzymatic cleavage fragments or synthetic peptides spanning the BP molecule. Clones representative of each of the three types of Gp-BP responses were characterized for phenotype, major histocompatibility complex restriction, and biologic activity in vivo. All of the clones were strongly CD4+ and co-expressed CD8 at modest levels as measured by both immunofluorescence and Northern blots. All three T cell specificities were I-A restricted. However, only the 72-89 responsive clone could transfer clinical EAE, due most likely to its unique ability to respond to Rt-BP. In contrast, the Gp-BP 43-67 reactive T cell clone transferred protection against EAE, whereas the whole Gp-BP reactive clone transferred delayed-type hypersensitivity response but was neither encephalitogenic nor protective. Thus, the recovery process from EAE is distinguished by an increased diversity of protective clones as well as innocuous clones that may be spawned as encephalitogenic T cells are regulated.
 ...
PMID:Clonal diversity of basic protein specific T cells in Lewis rats recovered from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 171 18


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>