Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A serological survey of Toxoplasma antibodies was carried out amongst horses used for polo game in Nigeria using the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA). A total of 70 horses from Kaduna, Kano and Jos that were assembled in Zaria for the annual national tournament were sampled. 26 (37.1%) of these were seropositive to T. gondii with the highest serological titre at 1:256. Out of the 52 local breeds, 20 (38.5%) were seropositive while of the 18 Argentine breeds, 6 (33.0%) were seropositive. No significant difference was found amongst the breeds. With the increasing interest in the game of polo in Nigeria and with the findings that T. gondii could cause encephalomyelitis in horses, the need to take precautionary measures so that these horses don't get infection cannot be over emphasized.
Int J Zoonoses 1983 Dec
PMID:Toxoplasma antibodies in polo horses of Nigeria. 667 39

In humans, rabies still is a fatally evolving encephalomyelitis caused by a Rhabdovirus of the genus Lyssavirus. In general, the disease is contracted through a contact with an infected mammal. Taxonomically, different rabies and closely related rabies-like viruses can be distinguished. New molecular identification techniques can be utilized as epidemiological tools to study the geographic distribution and presence in different reservoirs of the viruses. Antigenic diversity and new insights in the mechanisms of the immune response can have serious implication in vaccine strategies. Virus detection for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes can be done by immunofluorescency, by inoculating murine neuroblastoma cells and by using molecular techniques. Rabies is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. In Belgium, the epizootic is present in the Southern part of the country. Fox vaccination campaigns contributed significantly to the eradication of the virus from its natural reservoir. The importance of the prophylactic and therapeutic use of the vaccine, the control of wildlife animal reservoir and stringent public health measures to combat rabies is discussed. Due to stringent control measures, no endogenous case of human rabies have been reported since 1922 in Belgium.
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PMID:Rabies prophylaxis. 895 Aug 40

Rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis which is transmitted to man, mostly by dogs in developing countries. This zoonosis can be prevented by vaccination of humans before or after exposure. However, a more radical approach is possible, involving the elimination of the principal vector/reservoir by vaccinating dogs. The vaccine must be effective, safe and inexpensive. Mass production of plasmids is possible and DNA-based immunization with a plasmid encoding the antigen responsible for inducing protection seems to be more cost-effective than classical techniques involving cell culture. Beagles were immunized by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with a plasmid encoding the rabies virus (PV strain) glycoprotein. Neutralizing antibodies against both wild-type rabies virus and European Bat Lyssaviruses (EBL1 and EBL2) were detected after a single injection and a boost, but levels of neutralizing antibodies against EBL1 were low. Moreover, all vaccinated dogs were protected against a lethal challenge with a wild-type dog rabies strain. This is one of the first studies to demonstrate that dogs can be protected by DNA vaccines, and opens important perspectives for rabies control.
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PMID:Immunization of dogs with a DNA vaccine induces protection against rabies virus. 1051 37

Japanese encephalitis (JE) and rabies are 2 viral encephalitis that are of public health importance in India. JE is a zoonosis with the primary cycle occurring in arthropods (mosquito vectors) and vertebrate animals (primarily the pig), man being only an incidental 'dead end' host. Out-breaks have been seen in most parts of India except the north west. The disease presents with a prodromal stage, an acute encephalitic stage with coma, convulsions and variable deficits and a convalescent stage. Diagnosis can be made by viral isolation from CSF or brain, or serologic tests such as haemagglutination inhibition test and IgM antibody capture ELISA in CSF and blood. There is no specific treatment. Mortality ranges from 20-50% and almost half the survivors have sequelae. The most effective control measure besides control of mosquitos is vaccination. A killed mouse brain vaccine is being prepared in India and is safe and effective but expensive. Rabies is a highly fatal encephalomyelitis primarily occurring in urban dogs and wild animals especially canines. It is endemic in India and affects an estimated 3 per 100,000 persons annually. The patient initially may display bizarre combative behaviour. The disease can be effectively prevented by post exposure vaccination. The nervous tissue vaccine is no longer recommended because of unacceptable neurotoxicity. Three cell culture vaccines are presently available with about equal efficacy.
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PMID:Viral encephalitis of public health significance in India: current status. 1079 39

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a systemic disease called neuroborreliosis (NB) when neurological symptoms are pre-eminent. LB is a zoonosis caused by Borrelia bacteria transmitted by Ixodes tick-bite. Because of the absence of a national registry, epidemiology of LB in France is not well known. Moreover, diagnosis of NB may be difficult because of the various clinical forms. Acute meningoradiculitis is the most common presentation, but pauci-symptomatic meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, polyneuropathy, cerebrovascular involvement, and rarely chronic encephalomyelitis are also described. The vector Ixodes ricinus (I. ricinus) is found throughout metropolitan France excepting border areas of the Mediterranean seaside and in regions with an altitude above 1500 meters. In France, the Borrelia infestation rate of Ixodes is 7% with wide disparity between administrative districts. Prospective work in 1999-2000 by 875 general practitioners participating in the "Sentinel" network established the estimated incidence of BL (9.4/100 000) and of NB (0.6/100 000) in France. Incidence is higher in certain regions: in Alsace, prospective work by 419 general practitioners and specialists in cooperation with the national surveillance agency (Institut national de veille sanitaire), estimated BL incidence at 86 to 200/100 000 inhabitants and NB at 10/100 000. Thus, although globally France is a country with a moderate risk for LB, some regions such as Limousin, Auvergne, Lorraine and Alsace, have a high risk of LB, comparable to countries in the northeastern Europe such as Germany and Sweden.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis and neuroborreliosis in France]. 1944 58

Rabies is a mammalian zoonosis caused by a virus belonging to the family of rhabdoviruses. In Finland, the risk of rabies is associated with imported animals and traveling. We describe the second case of human rabies diagnosed in Finland. Strong hydrophobia was present in the initial phase of the disease. The patient had encephalomyelitis, and he died 11 days after the onset of symptoms. Diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR using Saliva. Rabies infection leads invariably to death, but can. be prevented after the exposure with vaccine and immunoglobulin therapy.
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PMID:[Rabies]. 2048 92

Rabies remains one of the most ancient and deadly of human infectious diseases. This viral zoonosis is transmitted principally by the saliva of infected dogs, inducing a form of encephalomyelitis that is almost invariably fatal. Since the first implementation, by Louis Pasteur in 1885, of an efficient preventive post-exposure treatment, more effective protocols and safer products have been developed, providing almost 100% protection if administered early enough. However, this disease still represents a major, but neglected public health problem, with an estimated 55,000 human deaths due to rabies reported each year, mostly in Africa and Asia. Once the first clinical signs appear, there is no effective treatment. A ray of hope emerged in 2004, with the report of a patient recovering from rabies after aggressive, innovative treatment. However, this case was not clearly reproduced and the identification of targets for antiviral treatment in cases of rabies infection remains a major challenge. In this context, this review presents the state-of-the art in the prevention and curative treatment of human rabies. We begin by describing the viral etiological agent and the disease it causes, to provide an essential background to rabies. An overview of the post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies in humans is then given, from its initial implementation to possible future developments. Finally, an analysis of the various antiviral compounds tested in rabies in vitro, in animal models or in humans is presented, focusing in particular on potential new strategies.
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PMID:Human rabies encephalitis prevention and treatment: progress since Pasteur's discovery. 2148 32

Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. Pathobiological and clinical insights have questioned the assertion that death is inevitable after onset of acute encephalomyelitis. Relying upon national laboratory-based surveillance, we reviewed records of human rabies acquired in the United States during 1960-2009. Changes in the epidemiology of human rabies were notable, due to improved animal management, safer and more efficacious biologics, and revisions in prevention guidelines. Historically, domestic animals were the most important source of infection. Since the 1990s, more human cases were associated with rabid bats. Prior to 1980, postexposure prophylaxis failures were reported. After development of modern rabies immune globulin and vaccines, none occurred. Of 75 human cases identified, only four patients survived. Rabies remains an extremely high consequence zoonosis, but the disease is not uniformly fatal, per se. Rabies is essentially preventable when primary exposures are averted, or appropriate prophylaxis occurs before illness.
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PMID:Rabies: still a uniformly fatal disease? Historical occurrence, epidemiological trends, and paradigm shifts. 2269 71

Eastern equine encephalitis is a viral zoonosis that exhibits complex distribution and epidemiology, and greater importance should be given to this disease by the public-health authorities. In Brazil, although eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) has been identified in vectors and antibodies are sometimes detected in horses and humans, there have been no records of equine encephalitis in horses caused by this virus during the last 24 years. This study describes eighteen cases of eastern equine encephalomyelitis that occurred in six Brazilian states between 2005 and 2009. Viral RNA was identified using semi-nested RT-PCR to detect members of the genus Alphavirus, and by genetic sequencing. The gene encoding NSP1 was partially amplified, and after genetic sequencing, eighteen sequences were generated. All eighteen strains were classified as belonging to lineage III of American EEEV. These findings could be an indication of the importance of this virus in animal and human public health.
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PMID:Eastern equine encephalitis cases among horses in Brazil between 2005 and 2009. 2486 86

Rabies is one of the oldest known zoonotic diseases that has significant impact on public health, but still remains neglected in Serbia. Rabies virus can infect humans and other mammals and causes inflammation of the brain associated with encephalomyelitis and neurological symptoms. In 2010, Veterinary Directorate (national Competent Authority for animal health in Serbia) has started multi-annual project of oral rabies vaccination of foxes and other wild carnivores (e.g. jackals), as support of long-term programme of eradication of rabies in Serbia, co-funded by EU (financed by Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance). Monitoring of the effectiveness of oral vaccination campaigns has been carried out in continuation from 2011 and was based on: (i) post-mortem laboratory examination of brain tissue of target animals (foxes, jackals and other carnivores) by fluorescent antibody test (FAT), (ii) detection of antibodies against rabies virus in serum samples by ELISA and (iii) detection of tetracycline biomarker in the mandibles for the evaluation of vaccine bait uptake. From September 2011 to May 2014, the total number of 4943 brain tissue samples, 4241 sera and 4971 mandibles were analysed. Confirmed rabies-positive brains decreased from 10 in 2011/2012 to 6 in 2012/2013 and eventually to 1 positive case in 2013/2014. The seroconversion rate increased from 10.48% (133/1269) in 2011/2012 to 20.11% (362/1800) in 2012/2013 and 42.23% (495/1172) in 2013/2014. Along with the seroconversion, the number of detected tetracycline-positive mandibles demonstrated an increasing tendency in the same period, being 49.67% (682/1373) in 2011/2012, 62.60% (1294/2067) in 2012/2013 and 90.33% (1383/1531) in the monitoring programme carried out in 2013/2014. Presented results confirmed that ORV of foxes and other wildlife in Serbia against rabies was successful and characterized by steady increase of vaccine baits uptake and immunization of animals.
Zoonoses Public Health 2015 Dec
PMID:First Report on the Efficiency of Oral Vaccination of Foxes against Rabies in Serbia. 2590 46


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