Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With modern techniques (membrane marking by indirect immunofluorescence and identification by morphological criteria) Toxoplasma gondii can be reliably identified in the CSF. Identification of the causative agent confirms the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis of the meninges, the central nervous system and the nerve roots. Toxoplasma encephalomyelitis associated with meningoradiculitis has hitherto only rarely been described. Our own cases afford evidence of the fact that even in the most typical cases of multiple sclerosis this possibility must be considered. Fansidar (a combination of an ultralong-acting sulfonamide with pyrimethamine combined with spiramycine is recommended as the treatment of choice.
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PMID:[Cerebrospinal toxoplasmosis: detection, clinical course and therapy]. 33 5

Recent research has shown that Toxoplasma gondii, the cause of human toxoplasmosis, is a protozoan close to the genus Isospora, whose life cycle involves cats as the definitive host, and other mammals, including man, and birds as intermediate hosts. Cats shed oocysts in their faeces; these are infective to the intermediate hosts when ingested. But the non-felid intermediate hosts can also become infected by eating other intermediate hosts. Probably most human infections occur in this manner and result from eating raw or insufficiently cooked meats. Most people become infected during their life time, but most infections are benign and unnoticed. Occasionally the disease picture may simulate infectious mononucleosis. However, in intrauterine or neonatal infections the disease may be most severe and chorioretinitis, encephalomyelitis, hydrocephalus or microcephaly may result. Diagnosis depends upon demonstrating the parasite in biopsy material or through changing titres in serological tests.
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PMID:Toxoplasmosis. 60 49

Fourteen pairs of twins with congenital toxoplasmosis were observed. In two pairs, one twin was infected and had symptoms of chorioretinitis or encephalomyelitis, while the other had a negative dye test upon repeated examination: this phenomenon has not previously been reported. In three of the other twelve pairs of twins, one of each pair died; two of them had evidence of toxoplasmosis; in the cotwin the diagnosis was based on serologic data. Clincial and biologic follow-up extended from 19 months to 8 years in five pairs. Marked discrepancies in the individual clinical patterns of the two children in each of six sets of twins were observed, with evidence of infection in one twin and subclinical infection in the other. These clinical findings correlated well with serologic data in the children in whom sufficient follow-up was permitted. The clinical pattern of congenital toxoplasmosis in twins is extremely similar in monochorial pregnancies, but discrepancies are almost the rule in bichorial pregnancies. The importance of placental lesions in determining the extent of fetal involvement is well illustrated by studies of toxoplasmosis in twins.
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PMID:Congenital toxoplasmosis in twins: a series of 14 pairs of twins: absence of infection in one twin in two pairs. 94 15

Nine puppies suffered from progressive paresis with muscle wasting, hyporeflexia and extensor rigidity. CK-activity in serum was elevated and electrodiagnostic findings were indicative of lower motor neuron disease. Although lesions were also found in the CNS, additional neurological signs were rare, but CSF examination revealed the presence of inflammatory lesions. On pathologic examination, all animals had a disseminated necrotizing myositis. In addition, a disseminated encephalomyelitis was found as well as, in 2 cases, a neuritis. In the lesions of 6 animals protozoal organisms were found which were immunocytochemically identified as Neospora caninum. Our results show that the protozoal myositis-encephalitis syndrome in puppies can be diagnosed in the clinic with high probability. A clinical differentiation between toxoplasmosis and Neospora caninum infection is presently difficult.
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PMID:[The clinical diagnosis of protozoal myositis syndrome (Neospora caninum) of puppies]. 188 44

Four litters of German Shorthaired Pointers from one owner developed a toxoplasmosis-like illness. According to the records, 29 of 39 dogs had hind limb paralysis. Six dogs from 2 litters were necropsied and had generalized encephalomyelitis. Tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Neospora caninum were found in the brain and spinal cord of each dog. Lesions were found in the eyes, extraocular muscles, or both in all of the dogs, and N caninum was detected microscopically in the eyes (retina and choroid in 1 dog), extraocular muscles, or both in 5 of the 6 dogs. Ocular lesions consisted of focal retinitis, choroiditis, mild nonspecific iridocyclitis, and myositis of extraocular muscles. Organisms stained with anti-N caninum serum, but not with anti-Toxoplasma gondii serum in an immunohistochemical test, except in 1 dog. In one dog, aged thick-walled N caninum tissue cysts reacted mildly with anti-T gondii serum.
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PMID:Repeated transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dogs. 222 66

In the brains and spinal cords of 153 adult patients dying with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at New York and Memorial Hospitals a subacute encephalitis with multinucleated cells was present in 28% of all patients. This encephalitis was characterized by multinucleated cells primarily located in the white matter and associated with myelin pallor and sparse infiltrates of rod cells, macrophages, gemistocytic astrocytes and lymphocytes. The incidence per 12 month period ranged from 0 to 43% and significantly increased between 1983-84 (14%) and 1984-85 (43%). Recent virologic and pathologic studies suggest that this encephalitis may be caused by direct LAV/HTLV-III infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Cytomegalovirus encephalomyelitis and toxoplasmosis were the most common opportunistic infections (26% and 10%, respectively). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, herpes simplex ventriculitis, varicella-zoster leukoencephalitis and fungal infections were infrequent (less than 3% each). A nonspecific encephalitis with microglial nodules and with mild white matter changes occurred in 17%, vacuolar myelopathy in 29% and CNS lymphoma in 6%. Less than 20% of patients had either normal brains or terminal metabolic encephalopathies. This survey shows that neuropathologic complications of AIDS are frequent. Infections are the most common complication and are caused by probable LAV/HTLV-III infection, or by opportunistic organisms.
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PMID:Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): an autopsy review. 302 14

An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure was developed to detect Sarcocystis spp meronts in paraffin wax sections of infected ovine tissues. Ten rabbits seronegative to Sarcocystis spp and Toxoplasma gondii were injected intradermally or subcutaneously over 2 months with varying quantities (150 to 750 micrograms) of purified soluble cystozoite antigen derived from ovine heart microcysts. Serum from each rabbit was tested against paraffin wax preparations of S. ovicanis cysts, second generation S. ovicanis meronts and T. gondii cysts. Sera from three rabbits reacted with S. ovicanis meronts without any cross reaction to T. gondii antigens. Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp-specific sera were used to identify the sporozoa in six cases of naturally-occurring ovine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Sarcocystosis was diagnosed in four lambs and toxoplasmosis in one lamb. The generic identity of the sporozoan in the sixth case was not established as meronts reacted with both Sarcocystis spp- and T. gondii-specific sera. The study demonstrates the value of the immunohistological technique of visualizing sparsely distributed meronts in naturally-infected tissues and shows that sporozoa of the genus Sarcocystis and T. gondii, and possibly also sporozoa the identity of which is as yet unclear, are associated with encephalitis of sheep in Britain.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of ovine sporozoan encephalitis and encephalomyelitis. 313 92

Fifteen pregnant does were inoculated orally with 10 to 1,000 oocysts of the GT-1 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Two does were euthanatized on postinoculation days (PID) 10 and 14, and the remaining 13 does aborted or delivered kids transplacentally infected with T gondii on PID 9 to 65. Tissues of all 34 fetuses or kids from the inoculated does were examined for gross and microscopic lesions. Placental necrosis and encephalomyelitis were the most prominent lesions. Toxoplasma gondii invaded the fetal placenta between PID 9 and 11 and invaded fetal tissues 2 to 3 days later. Necrosis attributed to toxoplasmosis, confined to cotyledons, was found in all placentas examined on PID 18. Encephalomyelitis was found in most fetuses or kids between PID 30 and 65. Lesions in fetal tissues were sparse. Because T gondii is rarely found in lesions, histologic examination of the fetal tissues is not likely to help in diagnosing every case of transplacentally induced toxoplasmosis in goats.
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PMID:Lesions in transplacentally induced toxoplasmosis in goats. 340 Sep 27

A case report of a 53 year old male with hairy cell leukaemia is presented in whom encephalomyelitis caused by toxoplasmosis resulted in an influx of hairy cells into the cerebrospinal fluid following disruption of the blood-brain barrier. These cells subsequently disappeared as the barrier reformed. It is suggested that the presence of hairy cells in the cerebrospinal fluid is a secondary self-limiting phenomenon.
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PMID:Hairy leukaemic cell influx into the cerebrospinal fluid secondary to encephalomyelitis. 823 15

Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) dam and its fetus on the basis of pathologic findings, immunohistochemistry, and structure of the parasite. The dolphin was stranded alive on the Spanish Mediterranean coast and died a few hours later. At necropsy the dam was in good condition. From the standpoint of pathology, however, it had generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly, enlargement of and multifocal hemorrhage in the adrenal glands, diffuse mucosal hemorrhage of the glandular and pyloric stomach, ulcerative glossitis and stomatitis, focal erosions and reddening of the laryngeal appendix, and severe paraotic sinusitis with intralesional nematodes Crassicauda grampicola. The dolphin was pregnant, most probably in the first gestational trimester. The most prominent microscopic lesions were multifocal granulomatous encephalomyelitis, diffuse subacute interstitial pneumonia, mild multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and nonsuppurative cholangiohepatitis, gastritis and adrenalitis, mild lymphoid depletion, medullary sinus and follicular histyocitosis, and systemic hemosiderosis. The fetus had foci of coagulative and lytic necrosis in the kidneys, the lung, and the heart. Most lesions were associated with tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii. The diagnosis was confirmed immunohistochemically. This is the first report on toxoplasmosis in a Risso's dolphin (G. griseus) and on transplacental transmission to an early-stage fetus in any cetaceans.
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PMID:Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a Mediterranean pregnant Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) with transplacental fetal infection. 1243 53


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