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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is a disease of cell-mediated immunity and can be transferred passively to virgin recipients by lymphoid cells from sensitized donors. The rabbit eye contains myelinated medullary rays that can be visualized ophthalmoscopically. Intraocular injection of autologous lymph node cells from myelin basic protein (BP)-immunized rabbits into the vitreous leads to readily visualized optic neuritis while injection of cells from adjuvant immunized control rabbits does not. Microscopical study confirmed the presence of myelin destruction in recipients of cells from BP-sensitized donors. This eye chamber technique provides a simple model for the study of demyelination in vivo under direct observation.
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PMID:Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Passive transfer by the intraocular injection of sensitized cells. 125 61

We reviewed the records of 10 children with optic neuritis in whom recovery of vision was poor or incomplete. Our cases were otherwise similar to those described in previous studies in that they were always bilateral, often accompanied by a viral prodrome (seven of 10), and usually associated with disc oedema (seven of 10). Seven of twenty eyes had a final visual acuity of 6/60 or worse and only one patient regained 6/6 vision in either eye. In three patients the best vision in either eye was 6/60 or worse. Recovery of vision was often slow, taking up to six years. Five of 10 patients have developed multiple sclerosis (MS), and one child had acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with optic neuritis. Optic neuritis in children does not always carry a good prognosis for recovery of vision; however, the failure of vision recovery in a short period of time does not necessarily indicate a poor outcome. Some children with optic neuritis develop MS, which can develop even when optic neuritis follows a viral illness.
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PMID:Optic neuritis in children with poor recovery of vision. 129 27

The clinical course of a five-year-old boy who developed meningeal irritation, encephalomyelitis, and optic neuritis four weeks after Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis is detailed. The patient responded to therapy with corticosteroids and recovered fully. Review of the literature reveals that a wide range of neurological disorders have been described in association with rheumatic fever. We suggest that disseminated encephalomyelitis in this child most probably was related to the streptococcal infection and that the spectrum of post-infectious neurological disorders associated with Streptococcus pyogenes may be broader than is currently appreciated.
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PMID:Acute encephalomyelitis: extending the neurological manifestations of acute rheumatic fever? 140 86

A 5-year-old male patient with asymptomatic optic neuritis and mumps postinfectious encephalitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is reported. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a short inversion time inversion recovery sequence was valuable in detecting clinically silent lesions of the unilateral right optic nerve in addition to visual evoked potentials. Evidence of concurrent optic neuritis was useful for detecting more extensive neurological involvement, leading to the diagnosis of mumps postinfectious encephalitis. A systematic MRI study should be performed in children with mumps encephalitis, regardless of appreciable clinical deficits.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance imaging in a case of mumps postinfectious encephalitis with asymptomatic optic neuritis. 195 39

A 37-year-old male laboratory technician who sustained a cutaneous penetrating wound from a rhesus monkey developed a progressive ascending encephalomyelitis due to culture-proven herpes B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) infection. He died 6 weeks after his injury despite acyclovir and ganciclovir treatment that was initiated after central nervous system symptoms developed. Histopathological examination of the patient's left eye revealed a multifocal necrotizing retinitis associated with a vitritis, optic neuritis, and prominent panuveitis. Herpes-type virus was identified in the involved retina by electron microscopy. Postmortem vitreous cultures taken from both eyes and retinal cultures taken from the right eye were positive for herpes B virus. Herpes B virus produces infection and destruction of retinal tissues similar to other herpesviruses. To our knowledge, this case represents the first histopathologic demonstration of herpes B virus infection in a human eye.
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PMID:Ocular histopathologic findings in a case of human herpes B virus infection. 215 76

The association of reactive oxygen species to altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier in acute experimental encephalomyelitis was investigated by ultrastructural cytochemical localization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to sites in the optic nerve previously identified by extravasation of intravascular horseradish peroxidase. Using a modified cerium method, we found electron-dense cerium-derived H2O2 reaction product was localized to the perivascular space at the lamina retinalis, lamina choroidalis, and lamina scleralis. In the optic nerve head, electron-dense reaction product was observed in the presence of intravascular leukocytes, although adjacent perivascular and interstitial inflammatory cells at this site were scant. In the myelinated retrobulbar optic nerve, cerium-derived H2O2 reaction product was seen in the intravascular space of blood vessels and surrounding perivascular and interstitial foci of inflammatory cells. Reaction product was also observed in the extracellular space adjacent to the plasmalemma of axons and glial cells in the optic nerve head and retrobulbar nerve. The perivascular and intravascular distribution of cerium-derived reaction product suggests that H2O2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of altered vascular permeability in experimental optic neuritis and supports our previous observations of suppression of blood-brain barrier permeability by detoxification of H2O2 with the exogenous administration of antioxidant enzymes.
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PMID:Hydrogen peroxide localization in experimental optic neuritis. 224 46

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 36 children and two adults (with clinical presentation during childhood) with white-matter disease of the central nervous system. Abnormalities were readily demonstrated in patients with multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, leucodystrophies and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: MRI demonstrated the extent and distribution of abnormalities more clearly than computed tomography for all these disorders. The abnormalities tended to be asymmetrical and multifocal in multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and more confluent and symmetrical in the leucodystrophies. Children with clinically isolated optic neuritis had a significantly lower frequency of MRI brain-lesions than adults with the same disorder. MRI should be regarded as the radiological investigation of choice when white-matter disease is suspected in children.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory and demyelinating white-matter diseases of childhood. 233 83

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) was used to investigate disruption of the blood-optic nerve barrier associated with acute autoimmune demyelination. Leakage of Gd-DTPA was seen in the optic nerves and optic chiasm of adult guinea pigs sensitized for acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, but not in normal unsensitized animals. This finding occurred as early as 5 to 8 days after antigenic sensitization with the myelin emulsion and before the onset of paralysis or ataxia. Pathologic examination at this early stage of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis showed an absence of demyelination in the optic nerves and optic chiasm, although scant perivascular foci of inflammatory cells were seen. Leakage of Gd-DTPA in the optic nerve before demyelination of this white matter tract illustrates that increased permeability of the blood-optic nerve barrier is an early, if not the initial, event in autoimmune demyelination, and the optic nerve is a common site of central nervous system involvement during the initial phase of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Findings in this animal model appear comparable with the results of MRI with Gd-DTPA in patients with optic neuritis, and they suggest that disruption of the blood-optic nerve barrier is a common denominator for both disorders of primary demyelination.
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PMID:Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in experimental optic neuritis. 234 5

We produced demyelinating optic neuritis and encephalomyelitis in juvenile strain 13 guinea pigs by sensitization with optic nerve myelin. Three distinct clinical courses were noted: a severe, acute optic neuritis associated with a rapidly fatal encephalomyelitis; a mild, chronic optic neuritis with a nonfatal encephalomyelitis; and an initially mild disease followed by an acute exacerbation of optic neuritis and fatal encephalomyelitis. Clinically mild disease was associated with elevated levels of anti-myelin basic protein antibody, while severe disease was associated with extremely low antibody levels.
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PMID:Anti-myelin basic protein antibody in experimental allergic optic neuritis and encephalomyelitis. 240 98

Four murine anti-idiotypic (a-Id) hybridoma antibodies were produced against immunoglobulins (Ig) present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from an MS patient 2 mo after the onset of disease. The four a-Id antibodies were shown to delineate idiotopes present on three distinct Ig subpopulations designated ID-19, ID-40, and ID-97. All three Ig subpopulations were produced in part by intrathecally localized B cells, together making up approximately 5% of the total CSF-Ig 2 mo after the onset of disease. Longitudinal analysis of the concentration of these Ig subpopulations in CSF showed that two subpopulations, ID-40 and ID-97, exhibited a regular relation to the clinical course of the disease, i.e., were decreased (ID-40) or increased (ID-97) in the first CSF sample obtained after two consecutive exacerbations. Screening of sera from 52 optic neuritis patients and 51 heterologous MS patients revealed that one MS patient's serum contained an Ig subpopulation that was idiotypically cross-reactive with ID-97. So far, screening of these Ig subpopulations for reaction with several viruses (measles, parainfluenza type 1, influenza type A, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, rubella virus, poliovirus, murine encephalomyelitis viruses, and reovirus) and myelin basic protein has failed to reveal their antigen specificities.
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PMID:Longitudinal analysis of three intrathecally produced immunoglobulin subpopulations in an MS patient. 257 10


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