Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The action of mustard gas on six animal, one plant, and two bacterial viruses; also on bacteria, yeast, and the pneumococcus-transforming principle has been studied. The viruses include Newcastle's disease of chickens, equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern strain), feline pneumonitis (Baker), rabbit papilloma (Shope), fixed rabies, rabbit myxoma, tobacco mosaic, T(2)r(+) phage of E. coli B, and a Staphylococcus muscae phage. The cells include bakers' yeast, E. coli B, Staphylococcus muscae, and swine plague bacillus. The rates of inactivation of the viruses and cells were of the same order of magnitude and faster than those of enzymes. Of the viruses examined those containing desoxyribose nucleic acid were inactivated faster than those containing ribosenucleic acid. Preparations of the pneumococcus-transforming principle which were largely desoxyribose nucleic acid have shown the greatest sensitivity to mustard gas of all systems examined. An expression was derived describing the inactivation rate when mustard gas decreases during the experiment.
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PMID:Inactivation of viruses and cells by mustard gas. 1889 Nov 48

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches to the detection, differentiation and characterization of avian pathogens continue to be developed and refined. The PCRs, or reverse transcriptase-PCRs, may be general, designed to detect all or most variants of a pathogen, or to be serotype, genotype or pathotype specific. Progress is being made with respect to making nucleic acid approaches more suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories. Robotic workstations are now available for extraction of nucleic acid from many samples in a short time, for routine diagnosis. Following general PCR, the DNA products are commonly analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping (restriction fragment length polymorphism), using a small number of restriction endonucleases, based on a large body of sequence data. Increasingly, however, nucleotide sequencing is being used to analyze the DNA product, in part due to the expanding use of non-radioactive sequencing methods that are safe and enable high throughout. In this review, I highlight some recent developments with many avian viruses: Newcastle disease virus; circoviruses in canary and pigeon; infectious bursal disease virus (Gumboro disease virus); avian adenoviruses, including Angara disease/infectious hydropericardium virus, haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, and egg drop syndrome virus; avian herpesviruses, including infectious laryngotracheitis virus, duck plague virus, psittacine herpesvirus (Pacheco's parrot disease virus), Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys; avian leukosis virus (associated with lymphoid leukosis or myeloid leukosis, and egg transmission); avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus); avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus, turkey coronavirus and pheasant coronavirus; astrovirus, in the context of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome, and avian nephritis virus; and avian encephalomyelitis virus, a picornavirus related to hepatitis A virus.
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PMID:Innovation and discovery: the application of nucleic acid-based technology to avian virus detection and characterization. 1918 52

The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, cost-saving triple reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (triple RT-PCR) for subtyping H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The three primer pairs for amplification of target sequences of nucleoprotein (NP), hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, respectively, were designed for subtyping the viruses in the triple RT-PCR. The sensitivity of triple RT-PCR was found to be 10(2) copies per reaction for each of NP, H9 and N2 gene. The specificity tests indicated that all of NP, HA and NA genes were positive for H9N2, only NP gene was positive for H5N1 and H1N1 AIVs, and the results were negative for the other avian viruses including Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, duck hepatitis virus and avian encephalomyelitis virus. A total of 112 clinical samples were evaluated by the assay and the results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of triple RT-PCR were in accordance with the virus isolation. In conclusion, this method is rapid and cost-effective making it feasible and attractive for large-scale epidemiological investigation of H9N2 influenza virus.
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PMID:Rapid subtyping of H9N2 influenza virus by a triple reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. 1942 70

The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) requires avian viral vaccines to be free of adventitious agents. Purity testing is an essential quality requirement of immunological veterinary medicinal products (IVMPs) and testing for extraneous agents includes monitoring for many different viruses. Conventional virus detection methods include serology or virus culture, however, molecular tests have become a valid alternative testing method. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is fast, highly sensitive and has a higher degree of discrimination than conventional approaches. These advantages have led to the development and standardization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of avian leucosis virus, avian orthoreovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, influenza A virus, Marek's disease virus, turkey rhinotracheitis virus, egg drop syndrome virus, chicken anaemia virus, avian adenovirus and avian encephalomyelitis virus. This paper reviews the development, standardization and assessment of PCR for extraneous agent testing in IVMPs with examples from an Official Medicines Control Laboratory (OMCL).
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PMID:Development, standardization and assessment of PCR systems for purity testing of avian viral vaccines. 2033 85

Distribution, character, and severity of lesions were evaluated in tissues from the central nervous system of chickens inoculated with 10 different Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates: CA 1083, Korea 97-147, Australia (all velogenic viscerotropic), Texas GB and Turkey North Dakota (both velogenic neurotropic), Nevada cormorant, Anhinga and Roakin (all mesogenic), and B1 and QV4 (lentogenic). Tissues for the present study included archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain (all strains) plus spinal cord (two strains). Encephalitis was observed in all velogenic viscerotropic and velogenic neurotropic strains, and in some mesogenic strains. In general, the encephalitic lesions began at 5 days post infection, with more severe lesions occurring around 10 days post infection. At this time point, especially in the grey matter of the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord, there were neuronal necrosis, neuronal phagocytosis, and clusters of cells with microglial morphology. Axonal degeneration and demyelination was also observed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for viral nucleoprotein confirmed the presence of virus. In the areas of encephalomyelitis, IHC for CD3 revealed that many of the inflammatory cells were T lymphocytes. IHC using an antibody for glial fibrillar acid protein showed reactive astrogliosis, which was most pronounced at the later time points.
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PMID:Neurological lesions in chickens experimentally infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates. 2150 34

The biosecurity of composting as an emergency disposal method for cattle mortalities caused by disease was evaluated by conducting full-scale field trials begun during three different seasons and using three different envelope materials. Process biosecurity was significantly affected by the envelope material used to construct the composting matrix. Internal temperatures met USEPA Class A time/temperature criteria for pathogen reduction in 89%, 67%, and 22%, respectively of seasonal test units constructed with corn silage, straw/manure, or ground cornstalks. In trials begun in the winter, survival times of vaccine strains of avian encephalomyelitis and Newcastle disease virus were noticeably shorter in silage test units than in the other two materials, but during summer/spring trials survival times in ground cornstalk and straw/manure test units were similar to those in test units constructed with silage.
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PMID:Effect of envelope material on biosecurity during emergency bovine mortality composting. 2333 9

The objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. A total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. These chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. Chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. Maternal antibody titers were measured by ELISA for avian encephalomyelitis (AEV), avian influenza virus (AIV), chicken anemia virus (CAV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), and reovirus (Reo). Maternal antibody titers for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were measured using a hemagglutination inhibition test. Half-life estimates of maternal antibody titers were 5.3, 4.2, 7, 5.1, 3.9, 3.8, 4.9, 4.1, 6.3, and 4.7 d for AEV, AIV, CAV, IBDV, IBV, ILTV, MG, MS, NDV, and Reo, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences among half-lives of maternal antibody titers against certain pathogens. Furthermore, all maternal antibody titers were depleted by 10 d of age except for IBDV.
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PMID:Decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens. 2396 Jan 15

Ernest Edward Tyzzer (1875-1965) was a physician, specializing at first (1902-1916) in cancer research and then from 1916 as a parasitologist. He was born of English parents in Wakefield, Massachusetts, where he lived all his life. Educated in Wakefield public schools, Brown University (Ph.B., A.M., Hon. Sc.D.), and Harvard University (M.D.), he established during his 40-yr career (1902-1942) an international reputation in oncology, pathology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, and taxonomic zoology in relation to human and veterinary medicine. His contributions to knowledge of avian diseases were outstanding and wide-ranging. Seminal work included: new descriptions of tumors in chickens; the first record of Cryptosporidium in birds; studies on the biology, morphology, in vitro culture, and epizootiology of the blackhead (histomonosis) parasite and its reclassification under a new genus Histomonas; descriptions of eight new taxa of amebae and flagellates in chickens, turkeys, and ruffed grouse; descriptions of seven new species of Eimeria in chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and quail as well as studies on their biology, immunogenicity, virulence, and epizootiology; a description of the trematode Collyriclum in English sparrows; the first record of mycosis in ruffed grouse; the recognition of birds as a source of equine encephalomyelitis infections of humans; the first American record of infectious sinusitis in turkeys and discovery of a curative treatment; and studies of Newcastle disease and avian influenza during the war research program of the 1940s. Application of Tyzzer's histomonosis research to farm practice saved the Massachusetts turkey industry from extinction in the 1920s and significantly influenced the recovery of turkey farming nationally.
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PMID:A prepared mind--Ernest Edward Tyzzer's legacy of research into avian diseases. 2459 13

A disease with severe neurologic symptoms caused 100% mortality in a small broiler operation in the Gauteng Province, South Africa in late March 2013. Routine diagnostic PCR testing failed to identify a possible cause of the outbreak; thus, samples were submitted for virus isolation, serology, and bacteriology. An avirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain isolated was identified as a V4-like genotype 1 strain, by DNA sequencing, with a cleavage site of 112GKQGR decrease L117. Real-time reverse transcription PCR identified NDV in the brain but not in cecal tonsils or pooled tracheas, spleens, lungs, and livers. A random amplification deep sequencing of a transcriptome library generated from pooled tissues produced 927,966 paired-end reads. A contig of 2,309 nucleotides was identified as a near-complete avian gyrovirus 2 (AGV2) genome. This is the first report on the African continent of AGV2, which has been reported in southern Brazil, The Netherlands, and Hong Kong thus far. A real-time PCR for AGV2 only detected the virus in the brain but not in cecal tonsils or pooled tracheas, spleens, lungs, and livers. Sequence reads also mapped to the genomes of mycoplasma, Escherichia coli, avian leukosis virus subtype J, and Marek's disease virus but excluded influenza A virus, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, and West Nile virus. Air sac swabs were positive on bacterial culture for E. coli. The possibility of a synergistic pathogenic effect between avirulent NDV and AGV2 requires further investigation.
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PMID:Avian gyrovirus 2 and avirulent Newcastle disease virus coinfection in a chicken flock with neurologic symptoms and high mortalities. 2475 19

Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are susceptible to many of the same diseases as domestic turkeys. Before 2005, most Wild Turkeys in southern Georgia, US, had little or no exposure to commercial poultry operations. As part of a pathogen survey examining the effects of commercial poultry on Wild Turkeys, samples were collected from Wild Turkeys from March 2005 through May 2008. The turkeys were collected from 13 counties in southern Georgia and Madison County, Florida, and tested for antibodies to various pathogens of poultry. Three (13%) of the turkeys were positive for antibodies to Salmonella. Thirteen turkeys (54%) were positive for Newcastle disease virus antibodies, and 15 turkeys (63%) were positive for antibodies to reticuloendotheliosis virus. One turkey (4%) from Madison County was positive for avian encephalomyelitis virus antibodies.
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PMID:Serologic survey of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and evidence of exposure to avian encephalomyelitis virus in Georgia and Florida, USA. 2564 2


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