Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 6-year-old girl (Patient 1) and a 5-year-old boy (Patient 2) with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after Japanese B encephalitis vaccination are reported. Drowsiness, paresthesias, and gait disturbance were observed at 14 days (Patient 1) and 17 days (Patient 2) after the vaccination; however, transient impairment of visual acuity was only found in Patient 1. Laboratory examinations revealed slow theta waves on electroencephalography and elevated myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid in both patients. The most striking feature on magnetic resonance imaging was the combination of white matter lesions and abnormal intensity signals of the thalamus. The administration of oral prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day) markedly improved the clinical findings and abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings. A similar magnetic resonance imaging finding of abnormal intensity of the thalamus with deep white matter lesions has been reported in patients with Japanese B encephalitis; therefore, thalamic lesions may be related to the naturally occurring encephalitis.
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PMID:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after Japanese B encephalitis vaccination. 134 10

Japanese encephalitis and postmeasles encephalomyelitis represent two important forms of acute encephalitis in the developing world. Japanese encephalitis accounts for 20,000 acute illnesses per year, and measles encephalomyelitis accounts for as many as 100,000. Both are accompanied by mortalities of 20%-30%, and in both forms, approximately one-half of the survivors have neurological sequelae. Therefore, these two diseases are responsible for a considerable proportion of worldwide mental and motor disabilities. Furthermore, both diseases are preventable with use of safe vaccines. Despite these similarities, their very different pathologies appear to be based on different mechanisms of pathogenesis (table 2). In Japanese encephalitis there is direct invasion of the virus into the nervous system, selective infection and destruction of neurons, and evidence that both humoral and cellular immune responses attenuate the infection. In measles encephalomyelitis there is little evidence that the virus invades the nervous system. Rather, measles virus infects lymphoid cells and causes abnormalities in immune regulation. Humoral immune responses are not found within the nervous system, and the cellular immune response may be inappropriately directed against host antigens. In measles encephalomyelitis, the inflammatory cells entering the nervous system may be the effector cells of autoimmune disease.
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PMID:The pathogenesis of acute viral encephalitis and postinfectious encephalomyelitis. 302 98

A case of acute encephalomyelitis, serologically proven to be due to Japanese B encephalitis virus, is reported. The patient, a 35-year-old woman, contracted the disease whilst in Hong Kong but presented in the United Kingdom. She required ventilatory support and was given high-dose steroids. She recovered from the illness but died after a period of four months from respiratory/cardiac arrest.
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PMID:A case of Japanese B encephalitis imported into the United Kingdom. 630 84

Seven children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) after treatment with Japanese B encephalitis vaccine (JBEV) (Nakayama-Yoken strain 1968-88 and Beijing strain 1989-93) were identified by mailed questionnaires and by compilation of previously published case reports. It was considered that encephalomyelitis might have been related to vaccine treatment as the vaccine is derived from mouse brain tissue infected with Japanese B encephalitis virus, a potentially cross reactive antigen. The incidence of severe neurological complications associated with the newer Japanese B encephalitis Beijing strain vaccine seemed to be less than one case per 1,000,000, which is similar to the incidence of neurological complications associated with the older Nakayama-Yoken strain vaccine.
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PMID:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after treatment with Japanese B encephalitis vaccine (Nakayama-Yoken and Beijing strains). 767 66

The biology, veterinary importance and control of certain Nematocera are described and discussed. Culicoides spp. (family Ceratopogonidae) transmit the arboviruses of bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness (AHS), bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) and Akabane. Some other arboviruses have been isolated from these species, while fowl pox has been transmitted experimentally by Culicoides. These insects are vectors of the parasitic protozoans Leucocytozoon caulleryi and Haemoproteus nettionis, and the parasitic nematodes Onchocerca gutturosa, O. gibsoni and O. cervicalis. They also cause recurrent summer hypersensitivity in horses, ponies, donkeys, cattle and sheep. Farm animals can die as a result of mass attack by Simulium spp., which are also vectors of Leucocytozoon simondi, L. smithi and the filariae O. gutturosa, O. linealis and O. ochengi. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) have been isolated from simuliids, and vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey strain has been replicated in Simulium vittatum. Simuliids are well known as vectors of O. volvulus, the cause of human onchocercosis (river blindness). The family Psychodidae includes the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia (subfamily Phlebotominae), vectors of Leishmania spp. in humans, dogs and other mammals. Vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain has been regularly isolated from phlebotomine sandflies. Mass attack by mosquitoes can also prove fatal to farm animals. Mosquitoes are vectors of the viruses of Akabane, BEF, RVF, Japanese encephalitis, VEE, western equine encephalomyelitis, eastern equine encephalomyelitis and west Nile meningoencephalitis, secondary vectors of AHS and suspected vectors of Israel turkey meningoencephalitis. The viruses of hog cholera, fowl pox and reticuloendotheliosis, the rickettsiae Eperythrozoon ovis and E. suis, and the bacterium Borrelia anserina are mechanically transmitted by mosquitoes. These insects also induce allergic dermatitis in horses. They transmit several filarial worms of both animals and humans, and are of great medical importance as vectors of major human diseases, including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever and many more diseases caused by arboviruses.
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PMID:Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae) and control methods. 771 9

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an acute encephalomyelitis which is a primary viral encephalitis accompanying a viral infection. Clinically, the patient who either resides in an endemic region or who has been exposed to the viral vector (mosquito) may have symptoms including high fever, headache, and impaired consciousness. JE involves many portions of the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments including the brain stem, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia, and white matter. Classically MR imaging demonstrates the lesions of JE as hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images. Hemorrhagic transformations have also been described in JE lesions, with corresponding expected T1 and T2 changes. Differential considerations based on the MRI appearance are somewhat broad, including but not limited to primary viral encephalitis, acute encephalopathy, limbic encephalitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The therapy for JE is primarily conservative and supportive since there is no specific treatment for JE, and the disease has a high fatality rate. The prognosis depends on the extent of involvement at primary presentation, and on the autoimmune mechanisms of this disease.
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PMID:Japanese encephalitis. 970 74

Japanese encephalitis (JE) and rabies are 2 viral encephalitis that are of public health importance in India. JE is a zoonosis with the primary cycle occurring in arthropods (mosquito vectors) and vertebrate animals (primarily the pig), man being only an incidental 'dead end' host. Out-breaks have been seen in most parts of India except the north west. The disease presents with a prodromal stage, an acute encephalitic stage with coma, convulsions and variable deficits and a convalescent stage. Diagnosis can be made by viral isolation from CSF or brain, or serologic tests such as haemagglutination inhibition test and IgM antibody capture ELISA in CSF and blood. There is no specific treatment. Mortality ranges from 20-50% and almost half the survivors have sequelae. The most effective control measure besides control of mosquitos is vaccination. A killed mouse brain vaccine is being prepared in India and is safe and effective but expensive. Rabies is a highly fatal encephalomyelitis primarily occurring in urban dogs and wild animals especially canines. It is endemic in India and affects an estimated 3 per 100,000 persons annually. The patient initially may display bizarre combative behaviour. The disease can be effectively prevented by post exposure vaccination. The nervous tissue vaccine is no longer recommended because of unacceptable neurotoxicity. Three cell culture vaccines are presently available with about equal efficacy.
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PMID:Viral encephalitis of public health significance in India: current status. 1079 39

We report a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with a residual cystic lesion on MRI. This seemed to be induced by Japanese encephalitis vaccination. Despite complete clinical improvement with high-dose steroid therapy, the cystic lesion has persisted for 3 years on MRI. There have been no previous reports of residual cystic lesions in ADEM.
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PMID:A residual cystic lesion in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. 1107 44

In the new Japanese control law for infectious diseases, most varieties of acute viral encephalitis belong to Category IV requiring report of all cases at sentinel hospitals. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis comprises the majority of cases. With the increased prevalence of diagnostic procedures such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), several forms of HSV-1, and -2 central nervous system (CNS) infections, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, brainstem encephalitis, and myelitis, have been clarified. Since 1990 we have conducted a survey of HSV CNS infections in the Kyushu and Okinawa regions, and the data are reviewed here. Trends include an increase in a new subtype of non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis. In contrast, the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Japan has dramatically decreased to a few patients per year; however, JE remains a threat for those with decreased or absent immunity to the JE virus. Imported emerging and reemerging CNS infections such as Murray Valley and West Nile encephalitis can occur in Japan. Influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy is also described as a threat for adults as well as young children.
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PMID:Acute viral encephalitis: the recent progress. 1213 72

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an encephalomyelitis involving cortex, subcortex, brainstem and spinal cord. There is paucity of studies on the neurophysiological evaluation in JE. This study aims at comprehensive evaluation of EEG, sensory and motor evoked potentials, nerve conduction and electromyography; and correlate these with clinical findings. Sixty five patients with JE diagnosed on the basis of clinical, radiological and virological criteria were subjected to a detailed clinical evaluation during the acute stage of illness. Cranial CT scan or MRI was carried out in all the patients. All the patients underwent 10 or 18 channel EEG, motor and sensory evoked potentials to both upper and lower limbs bilaterally as well as peroneal and sural nerve conductions and concentric needle EMG. Outcome, was defined at the end of 3 months into poor, partial and complete recovery. The patient's age ranged between 2-65 years. There were 40 males and 25 female patients. Fifteen patients were less than 12 years of age. History of seizure was present in 31 patients. Quadriplegia was seen in 39 and hemiplegia in 8 patients. Muscle wasting was present in 16 patients and tendon reflexes were reduced in 12 and of mixed pattern in 14 patients. Cranial MRI revealed thalamic lesion in 38, basal ganglia in 21, substantia nigra in 30, pons in 5, cerebellum in 3 and cerebral cortex in 7 patients out of 57 patients. EEG revealed nonspecific theta to delta slowing in 45, alpha pattern coma in 5 and epileptiform discharges in 8 patients. EMG revealed fibrillations in 23 patients. Motor evoked potentials were abnormal in 34 out of 46 patients and revealed patchy and focal abnormalities comprising of unrecordable, prolonged and normal pattern. Somatosensory evoked potentials were abnormal in 8 patients only. At 3 month, 26 patients had complete, 13 partial and 15 had poor outcome. Eight patients died in acute stage and 3 were lost to followup. MEP correlated with weakness and 3 month outcome whereas EEG, SEP and EMG did not have any correlation. MEP changes were more frequent in JE and had prognostic significance.
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PMID:Neurophysiological changes in Japanese encephalitis. 1239 49


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