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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Virologic and serological surveys of wild vertebrates carried out in various provinces of Cuba demonstrated definitely that birds were the main hosts of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in this territory. Fifteen strains of this virus were isolated from 8 species of birds belonging to 5 orders. Isolation of EEE virus from the blood of the endemic genus of iguanas indicates a certain role of cold-blooded animals in the ecology of this agent. Active EEE virus foci have been found in 4 provinces of the Republic of Cuba: Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas and Las Villas. Isolation of a number of EEE virus strains from sick horses during an epizootic in the latter province confirmed the importance role of this agent in the infectious pathology of domestic animals in Cuba. The experimental results suggest that in Cuba there occur at least two types of foci of this infection: forest and water-littoral (fresh-water swamps and lakes, and sea coast with mangrove forests).
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PMID:[Characteristics of the ecology of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Republic of Cuba]. 2 Jun 93

Severe hypothermia and an ascending impairment of shivering are previously undescribed clinical signs in hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat. These occurred in hyperacute EAE induced by inoculation with guinea pig spinal cord homogenate and heat-killed Bordetella pertussis. Hypothermia was first detected on day 6-7 post-inoculation, within 12-24 h of the onset of neurological signs, and became more severe as the disease progressed. Rectal temperatures less than or equal to 30 degrees C were common at ambient temperatures of 19-22 degrees C. Shivering was assessed by palpation and by cold tremor electromyography. Shivering was absent in the tail by day 6-7 post-inoculation. The impairment then progressed to affect the hindlimbs, thorax and occasionally the forelimbs. Shivering was absent in hindlimbs with only mild or moderate weakness. Histological studies revealed perivascular inflammation with polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, oedema, fibrin deposition, haemorrhage, primary demyelination and axonal degeneration in the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and spinal roots. The brainstem was also involved but the cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, were spared. The close relationship between the severity of hypothermia and the extent of shivering impairment indicates that reduced shivering is an important cause of hypothermia in hyperacute EAE. It is concluded that this impairment of shivering is due not to hypothalamic damage but to lesions elsewhere in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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PMID:Hypothermia due to an ascending impairment of shivering in hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat. 261 69

We present the unusual case of 16-year-old girl who developed intractable convulsions five days after the onset of a cold. Meningeal signs, lymphopenia, proteinuria, and lupus anticoagulant were also present. Treatment with anticonvulsants, antituberculous agents, and adenine arabinoside were ineffective. The initiation of methylprednisolone pulse therapy immediately resolved convulsions and fever. The diagnosis, suggested by the clinical course and the marked improvement of the meningoencephalitis by pulse therapy, was an encephalitic form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Clinical and laboratory findings indicated that an immune disorder may have triggered an abnormal response to a viral infection leading to this patient's neurologic disorder.
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PMID:Patient with both lupus anticoagulant and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. 889 67

Virus inactivation by cold treatment with beta-propiolactone (BPL) was investigated in human cryo poor plasma and purified IgG concentrates spiked with relevant human viruses or appropriate animal model viruses. The samples were treated with 0.1 or 0.25% BPL for 300 or 480 min, respectively. Residual infectivity was determined by standard microtitration assays on tissue culture cells. The inactivation of all viruses tested was more effective in IgG than in plasma. IgG: R1=4-5.5 log10 for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Semliki Forest virus (SFV), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), murine encephalomyelitis virus (MEV), feline calicivirus (FVC), suid parvovirus (PPV), simian virus 40 (SV40); R1=2-4 log10 for suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV-1), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm3). Plasma: R1=3-5 log10 for VSV, SFV, BVDV, SHV-1, MEV:R1=0-3 log10 for HIV-1, SIVagm3 BHV-1, FCV, PPV, SV40. After addition of SIVagm3, HIV-2, and PPV to plasma or IgG, spontaneous inactivation without further addition of BPL was observed. These results demonstrate that treatment with BPL has a limited capacity to inactivate viruses. Different inactivation kinetics were observed in plasma and IgG concentrates. Therefore, virus inactivation by BPL must be tested for individual blood products independently and should not be extrapolated from other model systems.
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PMID:Inactivation of viruses by beta-propiolactone in human cryo poor plasma and IgG concentrates. 981 21

We describe the case of a patient with a particular form of presumably immune-mediated encephalomyelitis associated with a monoclonal cold agglutin gammapathy. Systematic autopsy showed predominantly demyelinating lesions of the brain and spinal cord. The lesions were assumed to be the immune-mediated consequences of the underlying hematologic condition. Similarity with certain paraneoplastic syndromes is underlined.
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PMID:[Encephalomyelopathy associated with monoclonal gammapathy]. 1143 74

We evaluated the effect of triethylamine (TEA) on the recovery of infectious virus from pools of mosquitoes for two South American alphaviruses (eastern equine encephalomyelitis and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis subtypes IIIC and ID), one flavivirus (Ilheus) and two bunyaviruses (Mirim [Guama group] and Itaqui [group C]). Mosquitoes were inoculated intrathoracically with virus, held for 7-10 d at 26 degrees C, and handled under one of four regimens before testing for the presence of virus by plaque assay. Mosquitoes were killed by freezing at - 70 degrees C for 3 min and tested immediately for the presence of virus; killed by freezing at -70 degrees C for 3 min and then held at room temperature for 1 h before testing for the presence of virus; anesthetized with TEA and assayed immediately for the presence of virus; or anesthetized with TEA and then held at room temperature for 1 h before being assayed for the presence of virus. For each of the viruses tested, viral titers in mosquitoes anesthetized with TEA were similar to those in mosquitoes killed by freezing at-70 degrees C. Likewise, there was no significant difference in viral titers in mosquitoes anesthetized with TEA and held at room temperature for 1 h or in mosquitoes frozen at -70 degrees C and held at room temperature for 1 h before being processed for virus by isolation. Triethylamine is advantageous for the handling of mosquitoes in a field environment. The elimination of the need for a cold chain, without compromising virus recovery, increases the feasibility of conducting research projects requiring the isolation of live virus from mosquitoes in remote tropical environments.
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PMID:Effect of triethylamine on the recovery of selected South American alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses from mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) pools. 1234 65

A relatively simple preparation of guinea pig brain myelin, free of gross contamination by other cellular elements has been described. Electron microscopic evidence of the predominance of membranous (lamellar) forms was used as the criterion of purity of this fraction. The slight mitochondrial contamination of the myelin fraction was confirmed by its low succinic dehydrogenase activity. Quantitative bio-assay of the encephalitogenic activity of myelin showed it to have a higher specific activity than whole guinea pig brain. The low encephalomyelitic activity of the other subcellular constituents (nuclei and mitochondria) which were removed from myelin by ultracentrifugation in 30 per cent sucrose could be explained by a small amount of myelin contamination. A basic protein of high specific encephalitogenic activity has been isolated from myelin by methods previously applied to whole brain. Although the protein is similar to nuclear histones, the following facts point to certain significant differences. Nuclei prepared by a different procedure from the one developed for the isolation of myelin were found to be non-encephalitogenic. Although basic protein could be extracted readily from these nuclei by dilute HCl, the same extraction procedure yielded little extractable protein from whole myelin. Myelin which had been defatted by cold chloroform-methanol yielded a basic protein which was highly encephalitogenic. The evidence presented thus supports the view that there exists in myelin a new basic protein responsible for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, which is distinctly different from nuclear histones. The possible relationship of this protein to myelin structure and function has been discussed.
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PMID:The encephalomyelitic activity of myelin isolated by ultracentrifugation. 1446 Dec 28

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). While the primary symptoms of MS are losses of sensory and motor functions, it is now recognized that chronic pain is also a major concern affecting between 50% and 80% of MS patients. To date, however, few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain in MS or in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which shares many features of MS pathology. We, therefore, set out to characterize the changes in pain sensitivity that arises in a chronic-relapsing model of EAE. We show here that female C57BL/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) develop a robust allodynia to both cold and tactile stimuli. Allodynia emerges early in the disease process, often before any signs of neurological deficit and is independent of the overall symptom severity in these mice. "Classical" cellular substrates for neuropathic pain and allodynia such as altered expression of sensory neuropeptides in the dorsal horn of the spinal do not appear to underlie these changes in sensory function. There is, however, a significant influx of CD3+ T cells and increased astrocyte and microglia/macrophage reactivity in the superficial dorsal horn of mice with MOG(35-55) EAE. This suggests that inflammation and reactive gliosis may be key mediators of allodynia in MOG(35-55) EAE similar to peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury models. Taken together, our results show that the MOG(35-55) EAE model is a useful tool to study neuropathic pain in MS.
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PMID:Neuropathic pain behaviours in a chronic-relapsing model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 1908 37

In the present investigation evidence was obtained indicating that nasal instillations of suitable concentrations of sodium alum or tannic acid induce in Macacus rhesus monkeys resistance to the development of poliomyelitis when the virus is introduced by the nasal route. It was found that apparently different concentrations of these chemicals are required to exert this type of protective effect in different hosts or against different viruses, for while mice are readily protected against nasal infection with equine encephalomyelitis virus by 0.5 per cent solutions of tannic acid or alum (7), monkeys require at least 3 per cent solutions to become resistant against poliomyelitis. Experiments designed to elucidate the development of this refractory state in monkeys indicate that it is a result of the action of these chemicals not upon the virus but rather upon the tissues of the host (probably the olfactory mucosa); further evidence in favor of this hypothesis may be found in the observation that several days of treatment are required before resistance is induced. While one nasal instillation a day for 3 days proved effective when additional treatments were given on the days of virus administration, there was no protection against infection when the virus was given 48 and 96 hours after the last treatment. The resistance which was demonstrable when the virus was instilled intranasally on the 4th and 6th days after the beginning of treatment was also found to be present a week later when the treatments were given daily, indicating that the refractory state can be maintained in this manner. It was observed, however, that monkeys which were given nasal instillations of alum or tannic acid for 5 days or more may retain the resistance they acquired for 1 or 2 months without any additional treatment (Table V); thus, of 15 refractory monkeys retested after 1 month, 11 were still resistant; seven of 15 monkeys were refractory when retested after 2 months, while only one of 11 failed to develop poliomyelitis after an interval of 3 months. These last results suggest that to maintain such a refractory state over a period of months it may be necessary to employ daily instillations only for about a week, with subsequent repetitions at intervals of several days or a week. An experiment performed to determine the effect of beginning alum treatment soon after, rather than before, the virus is administered, indicated that there is no danger from a possible early or primary effect enhancing the invasiveness of the virus. One cannot state with any certainty, however, whether or not in some of the monkeys so treated the development of poliomyelitis is inhibited or prevented. Finally, it should be stressed that treatment with alum or tannic acid either completely prevented the disease in monkeys, or else was entirely without effect. It is therefore not surprising that no evidence was obtained of development of specific, active immunity in monkeys rendered refractory by chemical treatment. As far as could be ascertained, the nasal instillation of tannic acid or alum in man proved thoroughly innocuous beyond some local irritation for a short time. The desirability of testing this procedure as an aid in the prevention of poliomyelitis in man during the months of greatest incidence or during epidemics is quite apparent. In conclusion, there may be broader implications in this approach to the prevention of certain infectious diseases transmitted naturally or experimentally by way of the nose. It seems desirable to make studies with other viruses transmitted by the nasal route, including those of influenza and the common cold. The evidence obtained in the present study that the chemically induced refractory state may persist in a large number of monkeys for a month or two after treatment over a period of 5 days or more, suggests that studies on individuals who are subject to frequent attacks of common cold may perhaps be profitable.
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PMID:PROTECTIVE ACTION OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS AGAINST INFECTION OF MONKEYS WITH NASALLY INSTILLED POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS. 1987 May 11

1. The two strains of virus named GD VII and FA, respectively, accidentally discovered during experiments with yellow fever, have been shown to be immunologically related to each other, as well as to the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis. 2. Infection of the central nervous system can be produced with both strains by intracerebral, intranasal, or intraperitoneal inoculations. The cardinal symptom produced by the GD VII strain of virus by all three methods of inoculation is a flaccid paralysis of the limbs. The symptoms produced by the FA strain are referable to lesions of the brain when infection is produced by intracerebral and intranasal inoculation. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus, however, a flaccid paralysis is usually produced. 3. By the use of graded collodion membranes the particle size of the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis has been shown to be from 9 to 13 mmicro 4. The stability of the virus at different hydrogen ion concentrations has been tested. It has been found that there are two optima of stability, one at about pH 8.0 and the other at pH 3.3. 5. The virus is readily inactivated at 37 degrees C. by 1 per cent hydrogen peroxide. 6. Of organic solvents tested, ether had no action, whereas ethyl alcohol in 20 per cent concentration almost completely inactivated the virus after 45 minutes in the cold. 7. The virus can be precipitated by means of ammonium sulfate. 8. With increasing age mice acquire a relative resistance to the virus. 9. Immunity to a subsequent intracerebral inoculation can be produced by intraperitoneal, as well as intranasal, administrations of relatively large amounts of virus. 10. Mice infected by the intracerebral inoculation of a relatively avirulent virus acquire a high degree of immunity to a subsequent inoculation of a highly virulent strain. 11. The course of infection in mice following intracerebral, intranasal, and intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus has been studied.
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PMID:ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE : I. CHARACTERISTICS AND PATHOGENESIS OF THE VIRUS. 1987 Oct 7


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