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Query: UMLS:C0014070 (encephalomyelitis)
 13,017 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Juvenile strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized with an emulsion of whole isologous central nervous system (CNS) tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant in the first two weeks of life develop a relapsing-remitting form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) which resembles multiple sclerosis (MS) both clinically and pathologically. In order to determine if this experimental model could be used to identify the tissue factors which contribute to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lesions in MS, we measured T1 and T2 relaxation times, tissue specific gravity and histology throughout the entire CNS in vitro in eighteen animals during the acute phase (first attack), and twenty-one animals during further periods of clinical worsening (relapses) and recovery (remissions). The neuropathological findings of spinal cord meningeal inflammation, perivascular and parenchymal infiltration (myelitis and encephalitis) and demyelination were more marked during periods of clinical worsening than when the animal had recovered clinically. Even though the histological changes of EAE were present in all experimental animals, NMR relaxation times and tissue specific gravity could not distinguish experimental (first attack, subsequent relapses and remissions) from control animals due to a wide range of values for each of these parameters. Although relapsing EAE in the strain 13 guinea pig has been an instructive model of MS, we have found that in vitro NMR relaxometry cannot be used to predict the presence or degree of pathological change in the nervous system of these experimental animals.
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PMID:NMR studies in the relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis in the strain 13 guinea pig. 248 98

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in twelve cynomologous macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by sensitization to autologous myelin basic protein (BP) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute number of lymphocytes and absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets were measured weekly. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the animals were monitored twice weekly for the development of central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Conventional spin-warp imaging was performed using a General Electric CSI-II NMR imager/spectrometer (2 Tesla magnet). CNS lesions were detected by MRI in all of the animals sensitized to myelin BP. Longitudinal analysis of their peripheral blood leukocytes revealed a progressive leukocytosis and lymphopenia, which always preceded the onset of clinical signs and almost always also preceded the formation of detectable CNS lesions. These results suggest that frequent analysis of T-cell subsets may provide a more accurate means of predicting episodes of disease activity than clinical or MRI evaluation.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance imaging and peripheral blood abnormalities in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. 279 Jan 50

The central nervous system (CNS) of guinea pigs undergoing acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by whole CNS shows a characteristic progression of proton NMR relaxation times that correlates with pathologic features of the disease. Specifically, T1 was prolonged during meningeal infiltration and perivascular inflammation. T2 was increased with demyelination. Both proton T1 and T2 values, however, were normalized in active lesions containing an extensive cellular response (encephalitis, myelitis).
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PMID:NMR studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE): normalization of T1 and T2 with parenchymal cellular infiltration. 373 78

Volume-localized proton spectroscopy and T2-weighted MRI were performed on 23 monkeys with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between temporal changes in lesion activity (measured on T2-weighted MRI), MRS [N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (CR), choline (CHO)], and the histologic definition of disease determined post-mortem. Animals were scanned in the same areas of the brain once a week before and after sensitization to myelin basic protein (BP). Histologic lesion types were predicted by a combination of preceding MRI and MRS measurements. Acutely fatal EAE lesions were large and monophasic as visualized by MRI, and increased CHO (p < 0.02, n = 16) and CHO/CR ratio (p < 0.001, n = 16) were detected by MRS at disease onset. Chronic EAE lesions were preceded by multiple inflammatory attacks as visualized by MRI and consistently low levels of NAA (p < 0.02, n = 13) and NAA/CR (p < 0.01, n = 13) which occurred after the initial attack. MRI negative brain regions (from animals that were sensitized to BP) were associated with low CHO/CR (p < 0.1, n = 5). The temporal correlation of MRI lesion activity and absolute MRS proton metabolites shows promise for predicting the subsequent duration and histologic type of lesions in EAE in non-human primates.
NMR Biomed 1995 Apr
PMID:Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in non-human primates: MRI and MRS may predict the type of brain damage. 754 86

Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Cr-EAE) was induced in Lewis rats with an emulsion of guinea pig spinal cord tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant enriched with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RA. The sensitized rats developed Cr-EAE showing two to three relapses during the first 40 days. In vitro transverse T2-weighted spin echo images of the spinal cord of Cr-EAE rats, sacrificed at the clinical height (hind leg paralysis and urinary incontinence) of the third bout and their controls, were compared with the corresponding histopathology. Lesions extended over the entire spinal cord, however, the larger lesions were predominantly present in the cervical and upper thoracic regions. In the white matter only areas of demyelination and large perivascular demyelination were discernable on the MR images. Size and shape of these lesions correlated well with the morphological characteristics revealed by histopathology. Plaques in the ventrolateral funiculus were generally located peripherally, while plaques in the dorsal funiculus were mainly present in the medial part. The NMR images, however, could not distinguish between demyelination, remyelination, inflammation, and oedema. Also lesions in the gray matter could not be distinguished with MR imaging techniques. However, if lesions were localized at the interface of the gray and white matter the boundary between the gray and white matter was less well defined.
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PMID:In vitro NMR micro imaging of the spinal cord of chronic relapsing EAE rats. 800 77

Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, was induced in Strain 13 guinea-pigs by subcutaneous injection of spinal cord homogenate and Freund's incomplete adjuvant supplemented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. High resolution 1H NMR spectra of CNS tissue extracts indicated that the levels of choline metabolites, particularly betaine, were elevated in the spinal cord tissue, the principal site of lesion formation in this guinea-pig strain. The spectra also show that N-acetylated compounds are slightly depleted in the disease. The results are discussed in relation to the biochemical interpretation of NMR spectra obtained in vivo from patients with multiple sclerosis.
NMR Biomed
PMID:Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis raises betaine levels in the spinal cord of strain 13 guinea-pigs. 834 53

In vivo NMR images of the rat brain were obtained using a NMR microscope (7 T) from SMIS (England). Four animals were imaged every 3-4 days during a pathological cycle (starting after induction and up to 37 days) of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. The EAE rats were weighted and clinically scored daily. We aimed at measuring the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) or the mean diffusivity (D) with a high accuracy, and within a reasonable experimental time frame, because of the clinical situation of the animals. Therefore, we fitted the ADC value from five diffusion-weighted images--with an experimental time of 17 min/image--and chose to apply diffusion-sensitizing gradients in a direction intersecting all fiber directions of the external capsule. With this, we also obtained high b-values. For the control rats, we obtained a statistical mean value of ADC = (388 +/- 16) 10(-12) m2/s for gray matter and a statistical mean value of (D) of (750 +/- 30) 10(-12) m2/s for white matter, measured in the external capsule. For the EAE rats, no alterations in ADC values of gray matter with increasing clinical scores were observed. Concerning white matter, as determined in the external capsule, there were no significant differences in (D) values between controls and EAE rats before clinical signs occurred. However, when clinical signs were observed, we could demonstrate a significant positive correlation between the clinical score and the (D) values in the external capsule. As the clinical signs became more severe, we measured a rise in water diffusion (increase in (D)) in the external capsule, which was accompanied by the occurrence of interstitial edema as revealed by a complementary histological study.
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PMID:In vivo noninvasive determination of abnormal water diffusion in the rat brain studied in an animal model for multiple sclerosis by diffusion-weighted NMR imaging. 884 64

A movable, actively decoupled surface coil has been employed to obtain a localized 1H NMR spectrum from the lumbosacral spinal cord of a live Lewis rat. A volume selective 'VOSY' normally spelled out as 'volume selective spectroscopy' spectroscopy pulse sequence that incorporates 'phase ramped' selective RF pulses, has been used to minimize random phase jitter in the NMR signal as a result of the large frequency shifts required to locate the voxel in the center of the cord while using intense gradient pulses. Spectra from 13-microliters voxels in healthy rats and in rats inoculated with guinea pig spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant, resulting in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are shown.
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PMID:Localized 1H NMR spectroscopy of rat spinal cord in vivo. 899 92

The spinal cords of rats, involved as part of two distinct and reproducible experimental allergic encephalomyelitis animal models, presenting inflammatory white matter lesions with and without demyelination, were studied in vitro by NMR, before and after a dehydration procedure, in order to characterize demyelination. All the parameters of the T1 and T2 relaxation times were determined, as well as the initial proportion of the very quickly decaying component of the free induction decay, and the magnetization transfer ratio. The relaxation decays were fitted with the discrete and Contin methods. Magnetization transfer ratio measurements permitted first to evaluate the magnetization transfer at the apex, and secondly to decompose the post-irradiation curves into two components: a gaussian and a lorentzian line, with their relative proportions and widths. The results presented in this study clearly demonstrate that it is not possible to evidence demyelination in fresh spinal cord preparations by NMR. However, the dehydration procedure, which was introduced with the aim of reducing the amount of free water in our samples, seems sufficient to enable the detection of demyelination from the T2 relaxation spectra and magnetization transfer data. As a conclusion, we think that the NMR properties of water protons allow to achieve tissue characterization on condition that the parameters concerning free water and its exchanges are eliminated.
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PMID:NMR studies in demyelinating and non-demyelinating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. An approach involving a dehydration procedure. 988 25

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is induced in susceptible animals by immunodominant determinants of myelin basic protein (MBP), such as guinea pig sequence MBP72-85. Two linear and one cyclic analogues based on MBP72-85 have been synthesized and evaluated for EAE induction in Lewis rats. The linear peptide Gln1-Lys2-Ser3-Gln4-Arg5-Ser6-Gln7-+ ++Asp8-Glu9-Asn10-Pro11-Val12 (1) was found to induce EAE, while substitution of the Asp residue at position 8 with Ala resulted in an analogue (2) which suppressed the induction of EAE by its parent peptide. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of analogue 1 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using TOCSY/ROESY techniques revealed a head-to-tail intramolecular interaction (ROE connectivity between betaVal12-gammaGln1), indicating a pseudocyclic conformation for the immunogenic peptide 1. A conformational model was developed using NMR constraints and molecular dynamics. Based on this model, a novel amide-linked cyclic analogue has been designed and synthesized by connecting the side-chain amino and carboxyl groups of Lys and Glu at positions 2 and 9, respectively, of linear analogue 1. The cyclic analogue (3) had similar activity to the linear peptide 1, and the EAE effects induced by cyclic analogue 3 were completely suppressed by co-injection with the Ala81-substituted analogue 2 in Lewis rats. The similar potencies of analogues 1 and 3 support the proposed cyclic comformation suggested for analogue 1 from NMR studies and computer modeling and provides the basis for designing more potent molecules with improved properties such as increased resistance to degradation.15 The present findings suggest that a cyclic conformation for the MBP72-85 epitope positions the carboxyl group of Asp81 correctly and presumably other side groups of the peptide such as Arg78 in a manner which enables functional binding of the trimolecular complex MHC-peptide-T cell receptor resulting in EAE.
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PMID:Design and synthesis of a potent cyclic analogue of the myelin basic protein epitope MBP72-85: importance of the Ala81 carboxyl group and of a cyclic conformation for induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. 1019 61


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