Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013911 (emaciation)
 1,059 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

S-1, an antineoplastic formulation of a fluorinated pyrimidine derivative containing tegafur (FT), CDHP, and potassium oxonate (Oxo) in a molar ratio of 1:0.4:1, was recently developed by Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., with the aim of prolonging the effective plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) over that produced by FT alone and reducing its dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity. As a part of the S-1 toxicity study, a 13-week oral repeated dose toxicity study and a recovery study using male and female rats was conducted. Doses of S-1 were adjusted to deliver 1.5, 5, and 15 mg/kg/day as doses of FT, and FT was given at 15 mg/kg/day. The following results were obtained. 1. In clinical observation, edema of the limbs and face or swelling of the auricle of the ear and an anemic appearance were observed in both sexes in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT. Subsequently, males in this group developed severe anemia, decreased spontaneous motor activity, emaciation, and subnormal skin temperature, and many males died. In the survivors, keratosis of the palm, sole, or tail was observed, with necrosis and loss of the tail tip in the severe cases. 2. Body weight gain was suppressed from about week 2 of treatment in both sexes in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT, and there was almost no weight gain after week 4-5. Food consumption was consistently less than the control value for males in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT throughout the treatment period. 3. No marked changes were observed in water intake and on opthalmologic examination. 4. In the fecal test for occult blood, a positive tendency was observed in both sexes in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT. 5. Urinalysis disclosed a slight increase in protein and decrease in sodium, potassium, and chloride in males, and an increase in protein in females in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT. 6. Hematologically, both sexes in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT showed decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, and increases in platelet count and fibrinogen, with a slight decrease in white blood cell count in males. 7. In the blood biochemical test, abnormal findings included increases in total cholesterol and free cholesterol, and decreases in non-esterified fatty acid and albumin in both sexes in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT. 8. In organ weight measurement, abnormal changes included a decrease in thymus weight in both sexes in the 5 mg/kg/day or higher dosage groups and a decrease in the testis weight in males and an increase in the liver weight in females in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT. 9. Histopathologically, both sexes in the 15 mg/kg/day group as dose of FT showed a decrease in the red pulp of the bone marrow, atrophy of the thymus, white pulp of the spleen, and testes. degeneration of the renal tubules, and ulcerative changes of the skin or oral mucosa. 10. The findings were unremarkable in the FT group. 11. During the recovery study, all the toxic effects tended to reverse. 12. The NOAEL of S-1 was estimated to be 1.5 mg/kg/day as dose of FT for both sexes.
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PMID:[A 13-week oral repeated dose toxicity study of a new antineoplastic agent S-1 in rats]. 902 59

A survey was carried out in northern Kenya to obtain data on the role and management of donkeys in Samburu and Turkana pastoralist societies and to identify potential areas, if any, for interventions. Sixty-seven women owning or closely associated with 583 donkeys were surveyed during July/August 1994. The median donkey herd sizes in Samburu and Turkana societies were 4 and 10 respectively. Pack transport of water and domestic materials were the major reasons for keeping donkeys. Donkey milk, meat and blood were consumed widely by the Turkana but not by the Samburu. The major problems in donkey management were donkeys getting lost, being stolen, predation and being affected by diseases, in particular a disease condition involving unthriftiness, emaciation and slow growth. Traditional methods of treating donkey diseases were generally used. It was concluded that donkeys were an important component in the pastoralist societies surveyed although donkey numbers and transport capacity were not limiting factors in pastoralists activities. Potential areas for intervention were identified as disease investigation and stimulation of community based initiatives to tackle general management problems.
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PMID:Role and management of donkeys in Samburu and Turkana pastoralist societies in northern Kenya. 909 18

Oral single-dose and 13-week repeat-dose toxicity studies of (+/-)-4-ethylamino-1, 1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride (RCC-36), an active metabolite of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate (NS-21), a new drug for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence, were conducted in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. In the single-dose toxicity study, rats were given the drug at doses of 0 (control), 400, 600, 900, 1350 and 2030 mg/kg. In the 13-week repeat-dose toxicity study, rats were given the drug for 13 weeks at doses of 0 (control), 3, 30 and 300 mg/kg. After discontinuation of the treatment, a 5-week recovery test was also conducted. In the single-dose toxicity study, death occurred in the 600 mg/kg group and over, and LD50 values were 735 mg/kg in both sexes. The major clinical signs observed following the administration of this drug were mydriasis, salivation, decreased spontaneous locomotor activity, ataxic gait, lacrimation and urorrhea in the 400 mg/kg group and over, hypopnea and soft feces in the 600 mg/kg group and over. In addition, prone or lateral position and tonic or clonic convulsion were observed in the dead animals. Rats showed a decrease in body weight or a suppression of its weight gain in the 400 mg/kg group and over. Macroscopic findings in the dead animals were congestion in lung and retention of foamy mucinous fluid in trachea. The animals alive showed no abnormalities attributable to the treatment. In the 13-week repeat-dose toxicity study, 13 cases of death occurred in the 300 mg/kg group. Main pathological findings in these cases were congestion and edema in lung. Mydriasis was seen in the 30 mg/kg group and over. Lacrimation, salivation, wheezing, emaciation [corrected] wasting and unkempt fur were seen in the 300 mg/kg. A suppression of body weight gain and a decrease in food consumption were observed in the 300 mg/kg group. An increase in water consumption was seen in the 30 and 300 mg/kg groups. Ophthalmologic examination confirmed the mydriasis in the 30 mg/kg group and over. Urinalysis showed an increase in urine volume and a decrease in Na+ excretion in the 30 and 300 mg/kg groups and decreases in K+ and Cl- excretions in the 300 mg/kg group. Hematological examination showed decreases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV and MCH, and an increase in MCHC in the 300 mg/kg group. Blood chemical examination showed decreases in triglyceride and glucose, and an increase in total protein in the 300 mg/kg group. Pathological examination disclosed hepatocellular hypertrophy associated with hyperplasia of smooth-ER, a decrease in number of glycogen granules and an increase in number of lipofuscin in the 300 mg/kg group. Stimulated thyroid follicles were seen in the 300 mg/kg/group. In kidney, an increase in number of hyaline droplets in the proximal tubular epithelium, in which lysosomes and dense bodies were increased, was observed in the 300 mg/kg group. Dense bodies were increased also in the glomerular epithelium. In this dose group, adrenocortical hypertrophy was also observed. The recovery test showed that the above-mentioned changes were satisfactorily reversible or the degree and frequency of these changes were lowered. No treatment-related effects were seen in the 3 mg/kg group. These results show that the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of RCC-36 is 3 mg/kg for 13-week oral toxicity in rats.
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PMID:[Oral single-dose and 13-week repeat-dose toxicity studies of RCC-36, the active metabolite of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate(NS-21), a novel drug for urinary frequency and incontinence, in rats]. 917 Jun 4

The acute and subacute toxicity of five biogenic amines-tyramine, spermidine, spermine, putrescine and cadaverine-were examined in Wistar rats. Tyramine and cadaverine had a low acute oral toxicity of more than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Putrescine had an acute oral toxicity of 2000 mg/kg body weight and spermidine and spermine each of 600 mg/kg body weight. All amines investigated caused a dose-related decrease in blood pressure after intravenous administration, except for tyramine, where an increase was found. In 6-wk studies the biogenic amines were administered in the diet to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats. Tyramine and cadaverine were given at levels of 0, 200, 2000 or 10,000 ppm, spermine and putrescine at levels of 0, 200, 2000 or 5000 ppm and spermidine at levels of 0, 20, 200 or 500/1000 ppm in the first study and at levels of 0 or 10,000 ppm in a second study. Spermine was the most toxic. The high dose level showed a great number of changes, such as emaciation, aggressiveness, convulsions and paralysis of the hind legs. Growth, food intake and water intake were considerably decreased. Slight anaemia (males) and changes in plasma clinical chemistry occurred. The relative weights of the thyroid, adrenals, spleen and heart were increased and that of the liver decreased. Impaired kidney function, together with renal histopathological changes and changes in plasma electrolytes and urea, occurred with spermine. Histopathological examinations also revealed decreased glycogen content in the liver, reduction of spermatogenesis, severe depletion of splenic white pulp, acute involution of the thymus and moderate myocardial degeneration in the heart. Myocardial degeneration was also seen in one mid-dose male. Adverse effects were also observed in the top dose groups of all other amines. Decreased body weights associated with diminished food intake were generally seen. Slight increases in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and thrombocytes occurred with cadaverine. With spermidine, decreased plasma creatinine, calcium and inorganic phosphate were observed and decreased potassium levels with cadaverine. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was 2000 ppm (180 mg/kg body weight/day) for tyramine, cadaverine and putrescine, 1000 ppm (83 mg/kg body weight/day) for spermidine and 200 ppm (19 mg/kg body weight/day) for spermine.
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PMID:Acute and subacute toxicity of tyramine, spermidine, spermine, putrescine and cadaverine in rats. 920 96

The concentration of fluoride was determined in water, forage and urine and serum samples of buffaloes from the Unnao district of India. The water and forage samples contained 2.01 +/- 0.51 and 22.50 +/- 0.82 ppm of fluoride, respectively. The analysis of biosamples collected from the affected animals revealed higher levels of fluoride in serum (0.58 +/- 0.05 ppm) and urine (10.64 +/- 1.23 ppm). Clinical examination identified a 40.34% prevalence rate of clinical lesions suggestive of fluorosis in buffalo of this locality. Dental lesions were present invariably in all affected animals whereas lameness, painful bony exostosis and emaciation were recorded in 28.17%, 8.45% and 76.00% of the animals. Based on the clinical lesions and fluoride content in water, serum and urine, it was concluded that the problem of fluorosis in buffalo is attributable to drinking water containing toxic levels of fluoride.
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PMID:Hydrofluorosis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in India. 944 40

The moose (Alces alces L.) in an acid rain affected region in south-west Sweden has developed a complex disease with numerous clinical signs, most of which are consistent with those of secondary copper (Cu) deficiency and/or molybdenosis in cattle and sheep. The clinical signs of the moose disease reported to date include diarrhoea, anorexia, emaciation, achromotrichia, alopecia, sudden heart failure and osteoporosis. Findings at necropsy included mucosal oedema, atrophied lymphoid tissues of the mucous membranes of the alimentary tract, neuropathy, neuronal degeneration and uni- or bilateral corneal opacity. In a study of clinically healthy animals from the affected region in Sweden over a 12-year period (1982-1994), the hepatic Cu concentration decreased by 50% and the liver and kidney cadmium (Cd) concentration decreased by 25-35%, while the molybdenum (Mo) concentration increased by 20-40%. These changes are probably related to an increase in the pH of the soil and water in the moose environment and a consequent change in the uptake of these elements by the plants consumed by the moose. It is noteworthy that the occurrence of the disease in the mid 1980s coincided with increased liming undertaken to counteract the noxious effects of acid rain in this region. Clinical signs and lesions of the moose disease resemble those reported for Cu deficiency and/or molybdenosis in cattle and sheep. To elucidate the complex, multi-faceted clinical signs of the moose disease, the clinical signs and necropsy findings are discussed in relation to the biochemical functions of certain well-known Cu-dependent enzymes, e.g. depigmentation of hair due to depressed tyrosinase activity, osteoporosis by depressed lysyl oxidase activity, sudden heart failure due to decreased activity of lysyl oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase; in addition, mucosal lesions and ulcerations due to loss of activity of diamine oxidase as well as of lysyl oxidase and cytochrome c oxidase. It is concluded from the present findings that the moose disease is most probably a Cu deficiency and/or a molybdenosis-type syndrome.
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PMID:'Mysterious' moose disease in Sweden. Similarities to copper deficiency and/or molybdenosis in cattle and sheep. Biochemical background of clinical signs and organ lesions. 949 61

There was a spontaneous outbreak of mycobacteriosis in fancy veiltail guppies, Lebistes reticulatus, raised on an ornamental fish farm in Venezuela. The clinical signs included listlessness, emaciation, spinal curvature, sunken eyes and loss of colour. Numerous acid-fast bacteria, identified as Mycobacterium species, were detected in smears from the kidneys, liver, mesentery and spleen of the fish, from fresh faecal material, and from the unborn embryos of infected gravid females. The bacteria were eradicated by the addition of kanamycin sulphate to the water at a concentration of 50 ppm, the dose being repeated on four occasions with 48 hours between each dose. Fifteen days after the treatment, none of the clinical signs described were detected in any of the treated fish. The offspring born to treated females were healthy and normal, and did not harbour acid-fast bacteria.
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PMID:Acid-fast bacterial infection and its control in guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) reared on an ornamental fish farm in Venezuela. 1009 26

Although anorexia nervosa emerged as a new syndrome in the second half of the 19th century, this clinical picture seemed to be unknown in the psychiatric hospitals or asylums. In asylum medicine, the commonly used concept of sitophobia to designate food refusal in the insane covered a wide variety of mental disturbances and cannot be plainly equated with anorexia nervosa. A major difference is the occurrence of hallucinations and delusions specifically centered around religion and digestion. Most probably, anorectic patients were not treated in asylums, but at home, in the doctor's office, or in general hospitals. This pattern may be partly attributed to the fact that both patients and doctors were focusing on symptoms of self-starvation like emaciation, constipation, and amenorrhea, which were primarily interpreted as referring to somatic diseases. Additionally, wealthy families probably preferred private care in water-cure establishments, sanatoria, and rest homes to the stigmatizing referral of their anorectic daughter to an asylum. Hence, the fact that late 19th-century institutionalized psychiatry was only incidentally confronted with anorexia nervosa may explain its lack of interest in the emerging syndrome.
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PMID:Food refusal and insanity: sitophobia and anorexia nervosa in Victorian asylums. 1074 45

The objective of this work is to characterise the variations of the quality of the glass eels recruitment during a season of migration, from November till March and before and after the transition from marine to continental environment. The emaciation state measured from the ratio DNA/Dry weight and percentage of body water is analysed from a sampling of glass-eels collected at sea and in estuary, in the South of the Bay of Biscay during the migration period 1999/2000. The length and the mass are taken into account, they decrease during the season while the individuals are more and more pigmented. However, our work shows that groups of glass eels arriving on the coasts of the Bay of Biscay are homogeneous from the point of view of their energetic and hydride reserves with a high individual variability within these groups. Also no significant difference in losses of water and energetic reserve were observed among the individuals migrating at the beginning and during tide stream. Fluctuations of the biochemical indication and the percentage of water between the glass eels caught in sea and in estuary show that the transition between maritime and continental environment is not a mobilising event of a lot of energy for glass eels. Differences were only observed in December.
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PMID:[Determination of the state of emaciation of eel (Anguilla Anguilla) in migration in coastal and estuary zones]. 1138 82

Although trypanosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases facing African people, blind efforts to control the disease may cause greater human suffering by damaging the environment. Trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness, is spread by the bite of the tsetse fly and affects both humans and cattle. The disease usually causes wasting and emaciation; the human or animal wants to sleep all the time, and death may occur within a few months or years. The tsetse fly inhabits an area of 10-11 million sq. km of tropical savannah and dense forest along the same water sources used by humans. The savannahs make excellent grazing land--except for the presence of the tsetse fly. Many pastoralists chose to graze their cattle in arid areas outside the "tsetse belt." But the growth of the cattle population results in overgrazing, environmental degradation, and desertification. Population growth among farmers also limits the land available for grazing, further increasing the likelihood of overgrazing. Methods for controlling trypanosome and the tsetse fly include trypanocidal drugs for preventive and curative therapy, insecticides, traps, and land clearing--all of which possess limitations. Drugs are expensive, difficult to administer and monitor, and unpopular. Traps are effective only in their immediate setting, and insecticides and land clearing affect the environment. Trypanosomiasis control also results in increased population growth and further environmental degradation. Instead of controlling trypanosomiasis blindly, countries need to examine the problem contextually. Not doing so would result in land degradation, desertification, and land-use struggles.
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PMID:Health and ecological dilemmas. Sleeping sickness. 1215 68


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