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Query: UMLS:C0013911 (emaciation)
 1,059 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The toxicity of Aspergillus ochraceus contaminated wheat and various chemical forms of ochratoxin A (OA) were compared by feeding diets containing A. ochraceus contaminated wheat (3.0 micrograms OA/g diet) and 3.0 micrograms/g of purified OA in the K salt, Na salt, or organic acid form to broiler chicks from hatching to 4 weeks of age. All OA diets caused listlessness, emaciation, dehydration, and occasional diarrhea. Cumulative mortalities were 0, 13, 17, and 10% for the control, contaminated wheat, OA Na salt, OA K salt, and OA acid, respectively. Necropsies at the end of the experiment revealed pale friable livers, enlarged pale kidneys, and enlarged gall bladders in all OA treatments. Body weights and gain were significantly depressed throughout the experiment, and cumulative feed conversion ratios were significantly increased by all forms of OA. Relative kidney and liver weights were also significantly increased by all forms of OA. Serum analysis revealed significant decreases in total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, and phosphorus concentrations and significant increases in uric acid concentrations in chicks fed all forms of OA. Determinations of median lethal dose (LD50) were conducted by dosing day-old chicks and recording mortality for 10 days. LD50 values were 4.41, 3.95, and 2.69 mg/kg for OA acid, Na salt, and K salt, respectively. These results indicated that the K salt of OA was more toxic than the Na salt in acute oral dosing. During the feeding study, results also suggested that chemical form of OA affected its toxicity, but after feeding 3.0 micrograms/g OA for 4 weeks, no significant differences in toxicity were caused by the various chemical forms of OA or the A. ochraceus contaminated diet.
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PMID:Toxicity of Aspergillus ochraceus contaminated wheat and different chemical forms of ochratoxin A in broiler chicks. 671 99

Diagnostic findings are presented for 434 common loons (Gavia immer) found sick or dead on Florida beaches from 1970 through 1994, primarily during the months of December to April. The most commonly recognized problem was an emaciation syndrome (66%), followed by oiling (18%), aspergillosis (7%), trauma (5%) and miscellaneous disease entities (1%). The cause-of-death for 3% of the birds was not determined. Many of the carcasses examined (n = 173) were obtained during an epizootic which occurred from January to March of 1983 in which more than 13,000 loons were estimated to have died. An emaciation syndrome, characterized by severe atrophy of pectoral muscles, loss of body fat and hemorrhagic enteritis, was the primary finding in this epizootic. It was postulated to have a complex etiologic basis involving synergistic effects and energy costs of migration, molting and replacement of flight feathers, food resource changes, salt-loading, intestinal parasitism, environmental contaminants, and inclement weather.
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PMID:Winter mortality of common loons in Florida coastal waters. 939 69

Nickel sulfate hexahydrate is used in nickel plating, as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles, as a blackening agent for zinc and brass, and in the manufacture of organic nickel salts. Nickel sulfate hexahydrate was nominated by the National Cancer Institute to the NTP as part of a class study of nickel compounds for which there was little information on the toxic and carcinogenic effects of inhalation exposure. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to nickel sulfate hexahydrate (greater than 98% pure) by inhalation for 16 days, 13 weeks, or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. 16-DAY STUDY IN RATS: Groups of five male and five female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 3.5, 7, 15, 30, or 60 mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate/m(3) (equivalent to 0, 0.7, 1.4, 3.1, 6.1, or 12.2 mg nickel/m(3)). Rats were exposed on weekdays only, for a total of 12 exposure days during a 16-day period. Additional groups of four or five male and female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 3.5, 15, or 30 mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate/m(3)for tissue burden studies. In the core study, two 60 mg/m(3) males, one 30 mg/m(3) female, and all 60 mg/m(3)females died before the end of the study. Final mean body weights of all exposed groups of males and females were significantly lower than those of the controls, as were mean body weight gains of male rats. Clinical findings included increased rates of respiration and reduced activity levels in rats in all exposure groups, except those exposed to 3.5 mg/m(3). Absolute lung weights of 60 mg/m(3) males and of all exposed groups of females were significantly greater than those of the controls, as were the relative lung weights of all exposed groups of males and females. Inflammation (including degeneration and necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelium) occurred in the lungs of all exposed groups of males and females. Atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurred in the nasal passages of all exposed groups of males (except 60 mg/m(3)) and in 15, 30, and 60 mg/m(3) females. Lymphoid hyperplasia in the bronchial or mediastinal lymph nodes was observed in 30 mg/m(3) males and in 60 mg/m(3) males and females. The concentration of nickel in the lungs of all exposed groups of males and females was greater than in control animals. 16-DAY STUDY IN MICE: Groups of five male and five female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 3.5, 7, 15, 30, or 60 mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate/m(3). Mice were exposed on weekdays only, for a total of 12 exposure days during a 16-day period. Additional groups of five male and five female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0 or 3.5 mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate/m(3)for tissue burden studies. All core study mice exposed to 7 mg/m(3) or greater died before the end of the study; all control and 3.5 mg/m(3)mice survived to the end of the study. Final mean body weights and weight gains of 7, 15, 30, and 60 mg/m(3)males and females were significantly less than those of the controls, and clinical findings in these groups included emaciation, lethargy, and rapid respiration rates. Absolute and relative lung weights of male and female mice exposed to 7 mg/m(3) or greater were significantly greater than those of the controls. Only tissues from mice exposed to 0, 3.5, or 7 mg/m(3) were examined histopathologically. Inflammation occurred in the lungs of 3.5 and 7 mg/m(3) males and females; necrosis of the alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium was a component of the inflammation in 7 mg/m(3)males and females. In addition, atrophy of the olfactory epithelium of the nasal passages was observed in 3.5 mg/m(3) males and females. Nickel concentrations in the lungs of mice exposed to 3.5 mg/m(3) were greater than those in the controls. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of ten male and ten female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate (equivalent to 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.11, 0.22, or 0.44 mg nickel/m(3)), 5 days per week for 13 weeks. Additional groups of six male and six female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.5, or 2 mg nic mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate/m(3)for tissue burden studies. In the core study, one 2 mg/m(3)male rat died before the end of the study; all other males and all females survived until the end of the study. Final mean body weights and body weight gains of all exposed groups were similar to those of the controls. There were no significant clinical findings noted during the study. Exposure-related increases in neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers occurred and were most pronounced in female rats. With the exception of 0.12 mg/m(3)rats, absolute and relative lung weights of all exposed groups were generally significantly greater than those of the controls. Exposure-related increases in the incidence and severity of inflammatory lesions (alveolar macrophages, chronic inflammation, and interstitial infiltration) occurred in the lungs of all exposed groups of males and females. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the bronchial and/or mediastinal lymph nodes occurred in males exposed to 0.5 mg/m(3)or greater. Atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurred in males and females exposed to 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/m(3)and in 0.25 mg/m(3)females. The concentration of nickel in the lungs of 0.5 and 2 mg/m(3) rats was greater than that in the lungs of control animals at 4, 9, and 13 weeks for males and at 13 weeks for females. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of ten male and ten female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate, 5 days per week for 13 weeks. Additional groups of up to five or six male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.5, or 2 mg nickel sulfate hexahydrate/m(3)for tissue burden studies. In the core study, four control males, three control females, and one 0.12 mg/m(3)male died before the end of the study; the deaths were not considered to be chemical related, and all other mice survived to the end of the study. The final mean body weights and body weight gains of all exposed groups were similar to those of the controls. There were no chemical-related clinical findings. Hematology changes similar to those reported in female rats occurred in female mice, but the mice were minimally affected. The absolute and relative lung weights of 1 mg/m(3)males and 2 mg/m(3)males and females were significantly greater than those of the controls. Increased numbers of alveolar macrophages occurred in all males and females exposed to 0.5 mg/m(3)or greater. Chronic active inflammation and fibrosis occurred in 1 and 2 mg/m(3)males and females. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the bronchial lymph node and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal passages were observed in 2 mg/m(3)males and females. Nickel concentration in the lung of 2 mg/m(3)females was significantly greater than in control animals. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 63 to 65 male and 63 to 64 female rats were exposed to nickel sulfate hexahydrate by inhalation at concentrations of 0, 0.12, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/m(3) (equivalent to 0, 0.03, 0.06, or 0.11 mg nickel/m(3)). Animals were exposed for 6 hours plus T90 (8 minutes) 5 days per week for 104 weeks. Five male and five female rats from each group were evaluated at 7 months for histopathology; an additional seven males and seven females from each group were evaluated at 7 months for nickel tissue burden in the lung and kidney; and five males and five females from each group were evaluated at 15 months for alterations in hematology, nickel tissue burden in the lung and kidney, and histopathology. Survival, Body Weights, Clinical Findings, and Hematology The survival rates of all exposed groups of males and females were similar to those of the controls. Mean body weights of 0.5 mg/m(3)female rats were slightly lower (6% to 9%) than those of the controls throughout the second year of the study; final mean body weights of all exposed groups of males and 0.12 and 0.25 mg/m(3)females were similar to those of the controls. There were no clinical findings or hematology differences that were considered to be related to nickel sulfate hexahydrate administration. Pathology Findings No exposure-related neoplasms occurred in male or female rats exposed by inhalation to nickel sulfate hexahydrate for 2 years. Increased incidences of inflammatory lung lesions were generally observed in all exposed groups of male and female rats at the end of the study. The incidences of chronic active inflammation, macrophage hyperplasia, alveolar proteinosis, and fibrosis were markedly increased in male and female rats exposed to 0.25 or 0.5 mg/m(3). Increased incidences of lymphoid hyperplasia in the bronchial lymph nodes occurred in 0.5 mg/m(3)male and female rats at the end of the 2-year study. The incidences of atrophy of the olfactory epithelium in 0.5 mg/m(3)males and females were significantly greater than those in controls at the end of the study. Tissue Burden Analyses Lung nickel burdens in exposed male and female rats were greater than those in the controls at the 7- and 15-month interim evaluations, and lung nickel burdens values increased with increasing exposure concentration. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 80 male and 80 female mice were exposed to nickel sulfate hexahydrate by inhalation at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/m(3) (equivalent to 0, 0.06, 0.11, or 0.22 mg nickel/m(3)). Animals were exposed for 6 hours plus T90 (8 minutes) 5 days per week for 104 weeks. Five male and five female mice from each group were evaluated at 7 months for histopathology; five males and five females from each group were evaluated at 7 months for nickel tissue burden in the lung and kidney; five males and five females from each group were evaluated at 15 months for alterations in hematology and histopathology; and five males and five females from each group were evaluated at 15 months for nickel tissue burden in the lung and kidney. Survival, Body Weights, Clinical Findings, and Hematology The survival rates of all exposed groups of males and females were similar to those of the controls. The mean body weights of 1 mg/m(3)males and of all exposed groups of females were lower than those of the controls during the second year of the study. There were no clinical findings or hematology differences considered to be related to chemical exposure. Pathology Findings Inflammatory lesions of the lung generally occurred in all exposed groups of male and female mice at the end of the 2-year study. These lesions included macrophage hyperplasia, chronic active inflammation, bronchialization (alveolar epithelial hyperplasia), alveolar proteinosis, and infiltrating cells in the interstitium. Incidences of macrophage hyperplasia and/or lymphoid hyperplasia occurred in the bronchial lymph nodes of most of the 1 mg/m(3)males and females and in some 0.5 mg/m(3)females at the end of the 2-year study. Atrophy of the olfactory epithelium was observed in 0.5 and 1 mg/m(3)males and in all exposed groups of females at the end of the 2-year study. Tissue Burden Analyses At the 7- and 15-month interim evaluations, lung nickel burden parameters measured in control and exposed groups were below the limit of detection. Absolute lung weights of 0.5 and 1 mg/m(3)lung burden study females were significantly greater than those of the controls at 15 months. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (500 to 800 g/mL) was tested for induction of trifluorothymidine resistance in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. A positive response was observed in the absence of S9. The test was not performed with S9. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in male or female F344/N rats exposed to 0.12, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/m(3) (0.03, 0.06, or 0.11 mg nickel/m(3)). There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in male or female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/ m3 (0.06, 0.11, or 0.22 mg nickel/m(3)). Exposure of rats to nickel sulfate hexahydrate by inhalation for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of chronic active inflammation, macrophage hyperplasia, alveolar proteinosis, and fibrosis of the lung; lymphoid hyperplasia of the bronchial lymph node; and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. Exposure of mice to nickel sulfate hexahydrate by inhalation for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of chronic active inflammation, bronchialization (alveolar epithelial hyperplasia), macrophage hyperplasia, interstitial infiltration, and alveolar proteinosis of the lung; lymphoid and macrophage hyperplasia of the bronchial lymph node; and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. Synonyms: Blue salt; hexahydrate, nickel (2+) salt; nickel monosulfate hexahydrate; nickel (2+) sulfate hexahydrate; nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate; nickel sulphate hexahydrate; nickelous sulfate hexahydrate; nickelous sulphate hexahydrate; single nickel salt, sulfuric acid
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate (CAS No. 10101-97-0) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). 1258 12

4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, is used in the synthesis of dyes and optical brighteners or fluorescent whitening agents. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering the chemical (approximately 14% water, 6% sodium chloride, 4% impurities, and 76% 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid) in feed to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 14 days, 13 weeks, and 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster ovary cells. 14-Day Studies: Groups of five rats and five mice of each sex were given 0, 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for 14 days. All rats and mice survived to the end of the studies. The mean body weight gain of male rats receiving 50,000 or 100,000 ppm and of female rats and male and female mice receiving 100,000 ppm was significantly lower than those of the respective controls. Clinical findings included diarrhea in the rats and mice receiving 100,000 ppm. There were no chemical-related changes in absolute or relative organ weights in rats or mice. There were no gross or microscopic lesions related to chemical administration in rats or mice. 13-Week Studies: Groups of 10 rats and 10 mice of each sex were given 0, 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for 13 weeks. One female rat, six male mice, and one female mouse in the 100,000 ppm dose groups died during the studies. Mean body weight gain was significantly decreased in male rats and female mice receiving 50,000 or 100,000 ppm, in male mice receiving 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm, and in female rats receiving 100,000 ppm. Clinical findings in rats that received 50,000 or 100,000 ppm and in mice that received 100,000 ppm included diarrhea, emaciation, and hyperemia of the perineum. There were no biologically significant changes in absolute or relative organ weights or clinical pathology results in rats or mice. Histopathologic lesions present in rats receiving 100,000 ppm were bone marrow hypercellularity and chronic inflammation of the anus and rectum. Ulcerative inflammation of the anus and rectum was observed in mice receiving 25,000 ppm and above. Female mice in the 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, and 50,000 ppm dose groups had increased incidences of cystic endometrial hyperplasia. 2-Year Studies: Doses selected for the 2-year studies were based on mortality, decreased body weight gains, and the presence of diarrhea and chronic inflammation of the anus/rectum in rats and mice during the 13-week studies. Groups of 60 rats of each sex were given 0, 12,500 or 25,000 ppm and groups of 60 mice of each sex were given 0, 6,250, or 12,500 ppm 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for up to 103 weeks. Interim evaluations were performed on 10 rats and 10 mice from each dose group at 15 months. There were no biologically significant absolute or relative organ weight, clinical pathology, or histopathology findings in rats or mice administered 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for 15 months. Body Weight, Feed Consumption, Survival, and Clinical Findings in the 2-Year Studies: Mean body weights were marginally decreased for high-dose male and female rats and female mice. Feed consumption by dosed rats and mice was similar to feed consumption by the controls throughout the studies. Survival was similar among control and treated groups of rats and mice. No clinical findings related to chemical administration were observed in rats or mice. Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the 2-Year Studies: There were no chemical-related increased incidences of neoplasms at any site in rats. Ulcers of the forestomach or glandular stomach occurred in dosed rats (males: 1/50, 5/50, 4/50; females: 0/50, 1/50, 4/50), and may have been related to the administration of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt. There were no chemical-related incidences ohemical-related incidences of neoplasms, nonneoplastic lesions, or other toxic effects in mice in the 2-year studies. Although the animals might have been able to tolerate slightly higher doses, results of the 13-week studies indicate that a doubling of the highest doses could not have been tolerated. Genetic Toxicology: 4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA1535, TA1537, or TA98 with or without S9 metabolic activation. 4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid did not induce sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence or absence of S9. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in male or female F344/N rats receiving 12,500 or 25,000 ppm. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in male or female B6C3F1 mice receiving 6,250 or 12,500 ppm. Synonyms: Amsonic acid; diaminostilbene disulphonate (DASD); 2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[5-amino-benzenesulfonic acid]; 2,2'-disulfo-4,4'-stilbenediamine; 2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid; 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-benzenesulfonic acid; 2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis(5-amino-) diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid; flavonic acid; p,p'-diaminostilbene-o,o'-disulfonic acid; 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
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PMID:Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-Stilbenedisulfonic Acid Disodium Salt (CAS No. 7336-20-1) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). 1262 18

Copper (Cu) deficiency was diagnosed in a Norwegian red deer (Cervus elaphus) herd subsequent to deaths due to emaciation in late autumn 1999. The animals had free access to salt licks containing 3000 mg Cu/kg. An evaluation of the herd revealed poor calf growth rate, low weights of adult hinds, dull and light-coloured hair coats and cases of diarrhoea. The herd was subsequently monitored throughout a three-year period of Cu-supplementation. The monitoring regimen included clinical observation, copper serum examination, weighing, faecal parasitological examination, and reproduction control by ultrasound. During the period January 2000 to May 2001, the animals were treated with Cu oxid capsules (1 g CuO/10 kg liveweight) at 2-4 months intervals, with the exception of March to September 2000. The animals were fed continuously with Cu-enriched concentrates containing 300 mg Cu/kg, at a rate of 1/2 kg per head and day, from May 2001 to January 2003. Following both copper supplementation regimens adequate serum Cu concentrations were measured, and markedly improved body weights, coat quality and reproductive results were observed, except for the period from March to September 2000 when no treatment was given. The results showed that in a deer herd, with a diet low in Cu, supplementation with CuO capsules had to be given at intervals of a few months to maintain adequate serum Cu levels. Free access to Cu-containing salt licks did not meet the animals' Cu demand. Good and stable results were achieved by the daily feeding of Cu-enriched concentrates.
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PMID:Copper deficiency and effects of copper supplementation in a herd of red deer (Cervus elaphus). 1844 13