Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013421 (dystonia)
 8,418 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was measured in lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with various neurological disorders and in 2 hour aliquots of cisternal fluid removed continuously from rhesus monkeys. Although most of the VIP in concentrated pools of human ventricular fluid and of monkey cisternal fluid co-eluted with synthetic porcine VIP28 on a column of Sephadex G-25 superfine, there was evidence that smaller immunoreactive fragments were also present. A circadian pattern of CSF VIP concentration was observed in 2 of the 3 monkeys studied, with highest levels occurring at night and lowest during the day. Ventricular fluid VIP levels were highest in hydrocephalic children and lowest in patients with multiple sclerosis or epilepsy, while VIP was not detectable in ventricular fluid from patients in coma following a severe head injury. There were no significant differences in VIP concentrations in CSF from patients with dystonia. Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that VIP containing neurons are not affected in these disorders. Lumbar fluid VIP levels were low in patients undergoing aneurysm surgery. Since VIP is a potent vasodilator, these findings may have important implications in relation to the development of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide in cerebrospinal fluid. 647 66

At this time no effective long-term therapy exists for the excessive secretion of vasomotor rhinitis. Because rhinorrhea is under parasympathetic control, it was theorized that botulinum toxin--a powerful and long-acting cholinergic blocker that has been successful in the treatment of dystonia--might be useful in blocking the cholinergic control of rhinorrhea. Four male mongrel dogs were studied. Fifty units of type A botulinum toxin was soaked into sterile gauze, which was then packed into the left nasal cavity of each dog for 1 hour. Saline-soaked gauze was similarly introduced into the right nasal cavity to serve as control. Six days later, rhinorrhea was produced by inserting a bipolar needle electrode into the sphenopalatine ganglion and electrically stimulating for 10 minutes (6 mA, 50 Hz). Nasal secretions were collected with a suction catheter placed in the nasal vestibule. Three of four dogs exposed to the toxin showed a 41% average decrease in rhinorrhea (specifically 53%, 41%, and 30%). One dog showed a 10% increase in secretion after exposure to the toxin. We conclude that topically applied botulinum toxin reduced neurally evoked rhinorrhea by an average of 41%. Because some secretion is mediated by noncholinergic neurotransmitters such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, topical application of an anticholinergic substance has limitations. However, because all the nasal parasympathetic nerves appear to originate from cholinergic synapses in the sphenopalatine ganglion, direct injections of toxin into this ganglion may possibly allow complete blockade of all cholinergically mediated rhinorrhea.
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PMID:Rhinorrhea is decreased in dogs after nasal application of botulinum toxin. 770 Jun 63

Mammalian motor activity displays circadian patterns in normal behaviour and in many movement disorders, like levodopa responsive dystonia and Parkinson's disease. Here, we hypothesized that a circadian pattern of dopamine synthesis would trigger rhythms in the expression of genes in regions receiving dopaminergic innervation. Indeed tyrosine hydroxylase and cholecystokinin mRNA were upregulated in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the course of the day. However, in the caudate putamen, the mRNA levels, for dopamine D2 and adenosine 2A receptor, dynorphin, and substance P were lower during the day than during the night, whereas the expression of dopamine D1 receptor, enkephalin, and somatostatin was stable. In the frontal cortex, a clear midday peak of enkephalin expression was detected, while cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide expression did not vary. Clear circadian gene expression patterns can therefore be demonstrated in brain regions involved in motor regulation, but they do not follow a simple dopaminergic drive and more complex regulatory patterns have to be assumed.
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PMID:Circadian patterns of neurotransmitter related gene expression in motor regions of the rat brain. 1501 24