Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013421 (dystonia)
 8,418 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alterations in the microcirculatory bed of the thalamus resulting from thermal trauma manifest themselves as dystonia of the arteriolar-venular part of the microcirculatory bed, sharply decreased density of functionally active capillaries, area of their exchange surface and amount of blood in them. Clear distinctions are observed in stages of burn disease. At the stage of burn shock all morphometric parameters of the capillary bed are decreased in anterior, medial, ventro-lateral and posterior (pulvinar) nuclei of the thalamus. At the stage of toxemia in anterior and medial nuclei the parameters were at the level of the control group or even higher. On the contrary, in ventro-lateral and posterior nuclei they remained considerably lower as compared with control figures. It is likely to be associated with the fact that the pathways of pain, tactile and temperature sensitivity which are the first to react to burn trauma are switched over in these groups of nuclei.
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PMID:[The effect of burn trauma on the microcirculatory bed of the human thalamus]. 788 66

We report the development of chronic painful oral or genital sensations in 11 patients with tardive akathisia, tardive dyskinesias, or tardive dystonia. In each case, the pain syndrome became a source of profound distress for the patient, overshadowing all other concurrent neuropsychiatric symptoms, and requiring treatment. Agents effective in treating tardive dyskinesia and tardive akathisia, such as catecholamine depletors, proved effective in reducing the painful sensations. Our observations support the concept of tardive pain as a complication of chronic neuroleptic exposure.
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PMID:Oral and genital tardive pain syndromes. 750 Nov 74

Local injections of botulinum toxin is a well-accepted treatment for focal dystonias, hemifacial spasms and strabismus. Its use by skilled neurologists has been reported to be safe and effective. We report our experience with botulinum toxin injections in 108 patients with various central nervous system disorders. Botox was effective in upper face dystonia (86% improvement), spastic dysphonia (92% improvement), platysma muscle spasms and spasmodic torticollis (range of movement 61%, pain and tension 90%). It was also very effective in a few patients with apraxia of eyelid opening, parkinsonian jaw tremor, teeth clenching, palatal myoclonus and adductor leg spasticity. No serious side effects were recorded. Botulinum toxin is a useful symptomatic treatment for many neurological disorders, and one of the leading mode of treatments in the new subspecialty in neurology called "Interventional neurology."
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PMID:Interventional neurology: botulinum toxin as a potent symptomatic treatment in neurology. 798 70

Fourteen patients with focal or segmental involuntary movements affecting the ears, back, shoulder girdle, and upper extremity, as well as the abdomen and pelvic girdle, are presented. The unusual locations and appearance of these dyskinesias distinguishes them from recognized movement disorder syndromes. It is argued that the slow, sinuous, and semirhythmic character of the movements and the variable long-duration bursts of motor unit activity responsible for them most closely fit into the spectrum of dystonia. A history of pain in the affected region and/or peripheral trauma in some cases also suggests that peripheral factors may play a role in their pathogenesis.
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PMID:Unusual focal dyskinesias: the ears, the shoulders, the back, and the abdomen. 799 Aug 48

Clinico-neurophysiological study of the functional state of the nervous system was performed for persons who participated in elimination of the Chernobyl accident consequences in 1986, as well as for persons working in the 30 km zone. Mean age of the persons was 41. Vegetative dystonia syndrome was diagnosticated in 50% of examined subjects. The increased perception and pain thresholds, as well as the thresholds' asymmetry were determined in 30% of patients. The conduction velocity of sensory and motor nerves, as well as the neuromuscular transmission were normal. No substantial changes in parameters of the soleus H- and M-responses were detected. A decreased amplitude and increased latency of the evoked skin sympathetic potential were found indicating a decreased tone of the adrenergic sympathetic vasoconstrictors and cholinergic sudomotor fibres, that may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of the sensory, vegetotrophovascular disorders for these subjects. Decreased activity of the sympathetic autonomic system causes permanent course of the vegetative dystonia syndrome and more seldom the parasympathetic autonomic paroxysms. A decreased tone of the sympathetic autonomic system may be due to the monoaminergic neuromediation inhibition (decreased noradrenaline and dopamine excretion for the same subjects), that can induce psychoemotional disorders, depression and sleep-wakeness cycle disorders.
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PMID:[Some indicators of nervous system function in people exposed to harmful conditions of the Chernobyl accident]. 804 11

Analysis of literature and the authors' own data suggest that laser-induced occupational disease may be diagnosed in following disorders on the part of: vision--deterioration of light and colour perception, pain and feeling of burning in the eyes; central nervous system--vegetative dysfunction, hypo- or hypertonic neuro-asthenic syndrome manifesting in weakness and fatiguability; cardiovascular system--cardialgias, hypo- or hypertonic neurocirculatory dystonia, hypertonic disease, general weakness, headache; blood--reticulocytosis; enzymes--increase of base phosphatase activity in blood. The whole complex of aforementioned disorders is quite rate (1.5-2% of cases). As a rule, only some of them are evident while sight disorders, vegetative dysfunction and increased activity of base phosphatase predominate.
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PMID:[The clinico-hygienic and experimental validation of the nosology of laser-induced disease]. 807 24

The effect of 806 microstimulations were observed in 16 patients with movement disorders, dystonia (DA, n = 6) and tremor (TR, n = 10). Among the 347 sites in DA patients motor response was seen at 29 sites, the response with increased dystonia was seen at 28 sites. The effect could be seen at 14 sites (50%) in ventrointermedialis (Vim), five sites (18%) in ventrocaudalis (Vc) and five sites (18%) in white matter (Wm). As for the other four sites, one site was in ventraloralis anterior (Voa), two sites in ventraloralis posterior (Vop), and one site in dorsal thalamus (dth), but reduction of dystonia drive was only seen at one site in dth. On the other hand, among the 459 sites in TR patients, motor response leading to reduction of tremor drive was seen at 38 sites, of which 30 sites (79%) were noted in Vim nuclei, and five sites (13.2%) in vc nuclei; of the remaining sites, two were seen in Vop nuclei, one in dth, and no increasing tremor drive was observed in all area. In general, paresthesia was the most common response, which was found at 159 sites (45.8%) with DA and 216 sites (47.1%) with TR. Pain was only seen at one site in Wm of DA; warm/cold and vertigo could be seen in Vop, Vim, and vc nucleus respectively. No responses were shown at 156 sites (45%) in DA, and 201 sites (43.8%) in TR.
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PMID:Distribution and response evoked by microstimulation of thalamus nuclei in patients with dystonia and tremor. 808 93

Occupational factors and peripheral injuries are frequently implicated in the development of hand cramps and the syndrome of persistent manual incoordination among musicians and others most commonly given a diagnosis of focal limb dystonia. In an attempt to gain insight into the character and influence of risk factors in the evolution of this disorder, the authors conducted detailed evaluations of 33 individuals who responded to a questionnaire sent to university- and conservatory-level music schools in Germany in September 1989. Response was invited from any musician with complaints of impaired hand control. Of the 33 individuals accepted for evaluation, 18 were musicians who met clinical criteria for the diagnosis of occupational cramp/focal dystonia (OC/FD). Nineteen of the original 33 subjects underwent a quantitative biochemical assessment, comparing active and passive ranges of motion at all joints below the shoulder with those for cohorts of unimpaired musicians, matched for gender and musical instrument. Of the 19 tested biomechanically, 14 had OC/FD and the remaining five had either persistent pain or nonspecific movement idiosyncracies interfering with playing. Compared with the matched groups of normals, no consistent biomechanical abnormality was found in the non-OC/FD group; in the OC/FD group two thirds had marked limitation of passive and/or active abduction range between the central digits of both hands. Based on detailed training and performance histories in these subjects, the authors conclude that a specific biomechanical condition in the hand can interfere with certain high-speed digital movements required in musical instrument performance. Unintended muscle synergies, postures, and movement patterns can develop as attempts are made to increase the speed and fluency of such movements. As rehearsal is intensified, degraded movements are stabilized ("programmed"). In this situation, OC/FD appears to represent an aberrant outcome of normal motor learning whose physiologic correlates mimic neuropathologically based dystonia. The implications for prevention are discussed.
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PMID:Biomechanical abnormalities in musicians with occupational cramp/focal dystonia. 812 44

A 17-year old boy presented with a 10-year history of progressive head tilt to the right. Bilateral posterolateral cervical pain was mild and he was fully functional. The right sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle was prominent without rotation of the head to the left. The SCM had a cord-like consistency on palpation. Magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) scan imaging of the neck musculature suggested fibrous tissue within the substance of the muscle. This was histopathologically confirmed when the right SCM was surgically explored and resected. Congenital muscular torticollis is usually seen in newborns, infants, and children but may also present in adolescence and young adulthood. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of cervical dystonia as one of the nondystonic causes of abnormal head posture. Combined use of MR and CT scan of neck muscles may be of help in the diagnosis.
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PMID:Late presentation of congenital muscular torticollis: use of MR imaging and CT scan in diagnosis. 813 87

Idiopathic cervical dystonia, like other adult-onset focal dystonias, has been notoriously difficult to treat. Multiple approaches, including systemic drug treatment with anticholinergics, antidopaminergics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants and many other drugs as well as physiotherapy and psychotherapy, usually lead to only temporary amelioration in a minority of patients. Surgical selective EMG-controlled denervation of dystonic neck muscles produces better and, in the hands of some, lasting improvement. However, the procedure is invasive and as such less well accepted by patients. Local injections of botulinum toxin are strikingly successful in improving postural deviation and pain in about 80% of patients. They can be made on an outpatient basis and appear to be safe even over many repeat sessions. Dysphagia is potentially the most serious side-effect but can be decreased in incidence and severity by injecting lower doses, particularly into the sternomastoid. Major drawbacks at present are a lack of prospective data to establish optimal dosage and volume of injection guidelines to preserve good efficacy at a reduced risk of side-effects, and the need to continue indefinitely with repeat injections approximately every 3 months.
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PMID:Use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of cervical dystonia. 814 72


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