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Query: UMLS:C0013421 (dystonia)
 8,418 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of chorea, induced by trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol hydrochloride) during the treatment of five adult patients who had focal or segmental dystonia, is described. The dose at which chorea appeared ranged from 15 to 60 mg/day (mean 31.7 mg/day). All but one patient had developed common adverse effects of this drug (dry mouth, blurred vision, and confusion) at lower doses (mean 21.8 mg per day). There was an inverse relationship between the age of the patient and the dose of trihexyphenidyl at which chorea developed.
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PMID:Anticholinergic-induced chorea in the treatment of focal dystonia. 350 59

We report three members of a single family who developed a newly described combination of myoclonus and chorea in association with mild ataxia. The occurrence of this and related syndromes suggests that inherited, slowly progressive myoclonus, chorea, and dystonia, alone or in combination, should be viewed as a spectrum of hyperkinetic involuntary movements, and that each motor component may represent variable expression of the same genetic defect.
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PMID:Hereditary myoclonus and chorea: the spectrum of hereditary nonprogressive hyperkinetic movement disorders. 350 55

This study was conducted to investigate the degree of accuracy with which three groups of listeners could use perceptual analysis alone for identification of specific dysarthria types. The dysarthria types to be identified in this study were identical to those described by Darley, Aronson, and Brown (1969a): Flaccid, Spastic, Ataxic, Hypokinetic, Hyperkinetic Chorea, Hyperkinetic Dystonia, and Mixed. Each group demonstrated minimal success in the accurate identification of specific dysarthria types. Factors that possibly contributed to this poor success and potential implications are discussed.
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PMID:Identification of dysarthria types based on perceptual analysis. 365 12

Lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia are known to cause various movement disorders, such as chorea, focal dystonia, and hemichorea-hemiballismus. We report here a case of putaminal lacunar infarction which presented with "painful tonic spasms" of the contralateral limbs. This consisted of paroxysmal brief, painful, flexor contractures of the upper, and occasionally the lower limb. These were not focal seizures but were controlled with carbamazepine, which has been used for the "painful tonic spasms" well-associated with multiple sclerosis. The putaminal infarct we describe is probably related to a lupus anticoagulant and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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PMID:Painful tonic spasms caused by putaminal infarction. 381 Jul 37

Thirty-one patients with Wilson's disease were evaluated with detailed neurologic and medical examinations. Mean age (+/- SD) at onset was 21 +/- 5 years and at examination was 28 +/- 6 years. Of the 90% of patients who were first treated with penicillamine, 31% deteriorated initially despite therapy, and half never recovered to pretherapy baseline. At the time of our evaluations, the most common neurologic findings were dysarthria (97%), dystonia (65%), dysdiadochokinesia (58%), rigidity (52%), gait and postural abnormalities (42%), and tremor (32%). Chorea and dementia were rare. Twenty-two patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging. All but one of the 19 symptomatic patients had abnormal scans. The three asymptomatic patients had normal scans. Most lesions were seen in the caudate, putamen, subcortical white matter, midbrain, and pons. Generalized brain atrophy was also common. Lesions were less common in the thalamus, cerebellar vermis, midbrain tegmentum, globus pallidus, red nucleus, and dentate nucleus. Dystonia and bradykinesia correlated with putamen lesions, and dysarthria correlated with both putamen and caudate lesions.
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PMID:Clinical assessment of 31 patients with Wilson's disease. Correlations with structural changes on magnetic resonance imaging. 382 91

Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that alpha methylparatyrosine (AMPT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, can potentiate the effects of other dopamine antagonists. We therefore treated patients having various forms of dystonia and chorea with tetrabenazine (TBZ), and then added AMPT to determine if further improvement could be obtained. Side effects of both drugs were common, and they often necessitated withdrawal of the drug. Patients with Huntington's chorea and tardive dyskinesia were improved by TBZ. They obtained additional benefit from the combination of AMPT and TBZ. The results in the dystonia patients were disappointing with both drugs. Although a small number of patients did improve, and short- and long-term remissions occurred in a few, most patients with dystonia were not benefited by either drug.
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PMID:Alpha methylparatyrosine and tetrabenazine in movement disorders. 613 Aug 39

Four different clinical syndromes encompassing the TD spectrum are described: (a) classical TD, which is choreatic in speed of movement and stereotypic in pattern; (b) tardive akathisia; (c) withdrawal emergent syndrome, which presents as true chorea; and (d) tardive dystonia, which presents with dystonic movements and postures. All are made worse or are unmasked by withdrawal of the antipsychotic drugs, and all tend to be reduced in severity by increasing the dosage of the antipsychotic drugs (dopamine-receptor blockers) or utilizing presynaptically acting dopamine-depleting drugs. Treatment depends on discontinuing the causative agent, i.e., the antipsychotic drugs. The withdrawal emergent syndrome is self-limiting. Classical TD and tardive akathisia are persistent. The dopamine-depleting agents can be utilized if the symptoms are severe. Reserpine alone or with AMT is effective in most cases. Tetrabenazine can be substituted for reserpine. With time, the disorder can eventually disappear in many patients as long as the antipsychotic drugs have been eliminated. Carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet) can be added to counteract parkinsonian symptoms that occur as an adverse effect of these medications. The addition of Sinemet may be useful in hastening a remission of TD. Tardive dystonia is less successfully treated. Some patients will respond to the approach used to treat classical TD, others may respond to anticholinergic agents, and some remain resistant to these methods. They may require reinstitution of the antipsychotic drugs.
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PMID:Treatment of tardive dyskinesia: use of dopamine-depleting agents. 613 19

There are at least four phenomenologically different types of movement disorders that fall under the rubric of tardive dyskinesia: a) classical TD which is choreatic in speed of movement and stereotypic in pattern, b) tardive akathisia, c) withdrawal emergent syndrome, which presents as true chorea and d) tardive dystonia which presents with dystonic movement and postures. This paper reviews the main treatments of tardive dyskinesia. The drugs utilized have been considered according to their mechanism of action.
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PMID:[Treatment of tardive dyskinesia caused by neuroleptics]. 614 88

Excluding surgical procedures, this article focuses on clinical pharmacotherapeutic approaches to treatment of parkinsonism and tremor, chorea, dystonia, tic, and tardive dyskinesia.
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PMID:Involuntary movement disorders. 623 89

This review concentrated on the more recent findings of investigations into the functional anatomy and pathophysiology of movement disorders. Attempts were made to provide explanations for rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor. What little is known of the pathophysiology of chorea, tics, and dystonia is discussed. Greater information is available to allow pathophysiologic classification of different types of myoclonus.
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PMID:The pathophysiology of movement disorders. 624 55


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