Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0013421 (dystonia)
 8,418 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Botulinum toxin A (BTX A) has been used for more than 20 years as a safe and effective treatment for numerous diseases characterized by pathological muscle hypertension. In patients suffering from dystonia or spasticity, it has been observed that use of BTX A results not only in muscle relaxation but also frequently relieves associated pain. This pain relief is often seen earlier and to a much greater extent than the muscular relaxation itself. This has led to extending the use of BTX A to treat various focal pain syndromes. The results of initial studies in specific musculoskeletal pain therapy suggest that BTX A infiltrations are effective in the treatment of chronic, therapy-resistant pain of the shoulder and back region. Furthermore, BTX A has been found to be a less invasive option for the treatment of chronic epicondylitis and similar tendonitis conditions. The healing process following rupture of tendons or muscle transfer operations may be improved. In adults with increased muscle tone and endoprostheses, the targeted relaxation of spastic muscles might increase the lifetime of the implant and diminish aseptic loosening. In children with cerebral palsy, prophylactic treatment of hip luxation appears possible. The doses used in pain therapy are low; if correctly applied, the tolerance and safety are high and the effect lasts for a number of weeks.
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PMID:[Botulinum toxin A in orthopedic pain therapy]. 1558 99

Dancers performing classical, characteristic and national dances represent one of those activities that cause stress of nervous-muscular and psycho-emotional systems, locomotion apparatus induced by physical efforts. Intensive physical and psycho - emotional stress during the dancing process causes misbalance between physiological possibilities of the body and its capability of prompt adaptation, thus creating conditions for developing pathologies. Among male dancers of Georgian national ballet most frequently occur professional diseases such as: arthrosis and traumatic meniscites of knee joints, arthrosis of talocrural joint, epicondylitis of shoulder bone, chronic lumboiliac sacriplex radiculitis, and osteochondrosis of cervical part of the spine; among female dancers osteochodrosis of neck and chronic lumboiliac radiculitis were mainly observed. Increased level of neurasthenic syndrome among dancers of Georgian national ballet occurred in the form of hypertonic type vegetative-vascular dystonia. That stemmed from peculiarities of dancers work and permits to ascribe this pathology to the group of work-related diseases. To this group should be ascribed as well podagra arthritis of a foot stemmed from: a) systematic micro-traumas resulting in dystrophic changes and b) special regimen of nutrition.
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PMID:[Health peculiarities among georgian national ballet dancers]. 1690 65

We review the evidence of botulinum toxins in the treatment of pain. Main indications of botulinum toxin treatment, dystonia and spasticity, involve pain. Increasing evidence suggests direct analgesic effects of botulinum. Botulinum inhibits release of pain mediators (substance P, CGRP, excitatory amino acids, ATP, noradrenaline). Clinical trials have consistently shown analgesic effect of botulinum toxin in post-stroke shoulder pain, bladder dysfunction, chronic migraine, neuropathic pain, bruxism and lateral epicondylitis. Other pain conditions have been studied with yet uncertain results. It seems that the number of patients who would benefit from botulinum toxin treatment will increase considerably in the future.
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PMID:[Botulinum toxins for pain]. 2223 20

Botulinum toxin (BTX) is used for multiple clinical indications due to its ability to induce temporary chemodenervation and muscle paralysis. This property has supported its application in treating a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, especially those involving muscular hyperactivity and contractures such as cerebral palsy and dystonia. However, off-label use of BTX injection in other musculoskeletal disorders is gaining increased acceptance, such as in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, epicondylitis, and shoulder pain after stroke. This review discusses the mechanism of action, best practices, and current indications of BTX injections in the musculoskeletal system. We also discuss the state of the science regarding BTX injections for musculoskeletal disorders and the available evidence supporting its use.
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PMID:Botulinum Toxin Injections in Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2800 66