Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013421 (dystonia)
 8,418 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypocalcaemia is an established cause of neurological and psychiatric disease with numerous clinical manifestations. The aim of the study was to determine the outcome of severe neuropsychiatric manifestations of chronic hypocalcaemia after correction of calcium levels. Clinical and laboratory data of 22 patients seen between 1999 and 2009 were retrospectively analysed. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, albumin and parathormone values were measured in all cases. All patients except infants under one year of age had computed tomography (CT) scans of the head. Most patients (n = 19; 86%) presented with generalised tonic clonic convulsions while three had seizures with psychiatric manifestations. Movement disorders were present in 4 patients and one had candida meningitis. Nineteen of the 22 patients had primary hypoparathyroidism of which one had associated mucocutaneous candidiasis. One had pseudohypoparathyroidism and two had vitamin D deficiency. All patients improved with calcitriol and calcium treatment. Twelve of the 14 patients with convulsions could be taken off anticonvulsants. Hemiballismus disappeared in one patient and choreiform movements disappeared in one patient and dystonia in two patients. Psychiatric manifestations improved but did not disappear in the three patients who had them. Adult patients with seizures or neuropsychiatric manifestations should have calcium levels checked. Seizure disorders due to chronic hypocalcaemia had excellent prognosis on correction of serum calcium levels. Movement disorders improved markedly. Psychiatric manifestations did not improve substantially on correction of serum calcium levels.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric manifestations and their outcomes in chronic hypocalcaemia. 2459 58

Patients with problems related to central nervous system dysfunctions are often treated with psychotropic drugs. These include antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, and drugs blocking specific receptors in the brain such as anticholinergics or beta-blockers. However, these medications have serious side effects affecting the oral health. In addition, many dental patients make use of psychoactive drugs, such as amphetamine, ecstasy, and cocaine. This article aims to review data on the psychotropic drugs being used in the last 30 years, their pharmacological profile, with special attention to the side effects related to the oral health. Oral diseases such as bruxism, orofacial dystonia, oromandibular dyskinesia, and rabbit syndrome are related to extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotic drugs because of their antagonist activity on the dopaminergic receptors. Drugs with anticholinergic and/or antiadrenergic effects such as tricyclic antidepressants may cause dry mouth and related complications such as candidiasis and other oral infections. Among mood stabilizers, lithium treatment induces a wide range of side effects on oral system including dry mouth, sialorrhea, infections, and ulceration of the oral cavity. Psychostimulants may instead provoke xerotomia, gingival enlargements, bruxism, dental erosion, mucosal ulceration, and oral/nasal lesions. This literature review supports the idea that the higher prevalence of oral diseases among patients with mental disorders may be attributed to the side effects of their medications mediated by complex interactions between different targeted receptors. Thus, dentists must be aware of the possible risks of these medications in order to take appropriate precautions in treating these patients.
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PMID:Use of psychotropic drugs and associated dental diseases. 2549 13