Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013395 (dyspepsia)
 4,879 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Safety data have been gathered in US clinical trials of nabumetone on 1912 patients from August 1981 to May 1988. Dosing in the double-blind trials was 100 mg at bedtime, but in open-label trials patients could increase the dosage of nabumetone to 1500 or 2000 mg if required. Adverse experiences reported in the double-blind and open-label studies that were considered related to nabumetone treatment, or of unknown origin, occurred most commonly in two body systems: the body as a whole, and the digestive system. Incidence rates greater than 10% for adverse experiences categorised by preferred term occurred in the 'body as a whole' category for abdominal pain, and in the digestive system for diarrhoea and dyspepsia. Dosage increases to 2000 mg appeared to cause a dose-related increase in diarrhoea. In the long term studies, gastrointestinal ulcers have been confirmed in 13 (0.7%) patients. Hepatic and renal function was well preserved in patients treated with nabumetone. Overall, only 7 nabumetone-treated patients (0.4%) showed a marked elevation in both ALT (SGPT) and AST (SGOT). Two nabumetone-treated patients showed marked elevations in renal parameters, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Overall, nabumetone was well tolerated, and the adverse experience profile was clinically acceptable and presented no unusual or unexpected patterns.
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PMID:An overview of the long-term safety experience of nabumetone. 208 90

In a double-blind, crossover study, 10 cirrhotic patients (Child B rating) with steatorrhoea (daily output of faecal fat greater than 8 g) and dyspepsia were placed on a controlled diet for 14 days. Patients then received 150 mg ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or placebo twice daily for 14 days. Faecal fat excretion was reduced from 14.7 to 10.6 g/day by UDCA and dyspepsia symptom scores were also reduced. Serum aspartate aminotransferase concentrations declined significantly (P less than 0.02) following UDCA treatment, whereas serum bile acid levels increased from 35 to 40.5 microM and the percentage of UDCA increased to 22%. It is concluded that UDCA may be useful for many of the symptoms present in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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PMID:Steatorrhoea in cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid administration. 222 76

This 4-week, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of etodolac and nabumetone in the treatment of patients with active osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Ninety-one patients received etodolac 400 mg twice daily, 89 received nabumetone 1500 mg once daily, and 90 received placebo. Both active treatments significantly improved the patients' condition relative to baseline (P < or = 0.001) at all evaluations during treatment and relative to placebo (P < or = 0.05) by visit 4. Improvement relative to placebo in investigator's global assessments was earlier in the etodolac group (ie, by visit 3) than in the nabumetone group. At visit 4, improvement in investigator's and patient's global assessment scores, and in the distribution of investigator's assessment scores, was significantly (P < or = 0.05) greater in the etodolac group than in the nabumetone group. Other than hypokalemia, which occurred only in three patients in the nabumetone group (P = 0.035), there were no significant differences among the groups in the frequency of study events or premature discontinuation from the study as a result of study events. Study events considered at least possibly treatment related were reported for 26 patients in the etodolac group (28.6%), 20 in the nabumetone group (22.5%), and 23 in the placebo group (25.6%). The most frequently reported symptoms for all groups were dyspepsia, nausea, and headache. Four patients treated with nabumetone (4.5%) had elevations in aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase during treatment. The results of this study show that etodolac 400 mg twice daily is at least as effective as nabumetone 1500 mg once daily and is equally well tolerated in the treatment of patients with active OA of the knee; etodolac may have an earlier onset of action and/or a relatively greater efficacy in patient and investigator global assessments than nabumetone.
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PMID:Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the safety and efficacy of orally administered etodolac and nabumetone in patients with active osteoarthritis of the knee. 856 24

A six-week placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of 6 g per day of 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA) was conducted in 30 subjects with mild to moderately severe ulcerative colitis. Subjects were stratified into groups having distal (< 60 cm) or more extensive (> 60 cm) disease. Diarrhea, bleeding, sigmoidoscopic and biopsy appearance, and physician global assessment were scored to judge efficacy. Safety was evaluated by monitoring untoward symptoms and laboratory values. Median percent improvement was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the 4-ASA > 60-cm group (42.7%) than in the placebo > 60-cm group (21.2%), but 4-ASA was not better than placebo for the < 60-cm group or the total study group. Severe dyspepsia (one subject), abnormal AST (transient in five, persistent in one) and elevated lipase without pancreatitis (six subjects) were noted. Thus 6 g 4-ASA for six weeks was more effective than placebo in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis extending more than 60 cm above the anus, but not in distal disease, and the drug was generally well tolerated.
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PMID:Controlled trial of 4-ASA in ulcerative colitis. 905 19

The safety of tacrine (Cognex), a centrally active, reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved in 1993 for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type, was evaluated in 2,706 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) in clinical trials and in 9861 patients with AD in a treatment investigational new drug (TIND) program. More than 190,000 patients in the United States received tacrine during the first 2 years following marketing approval. The most common tacrine-associated adverse events were elevated liver transaminase levels [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and, to a lesser degree, aspartate aminotransferase] and peripheral cholinergic events involving primarily the digestive system (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, anorexia, and weight loss). Based on clinical trial experience, potentially clinically significant (>3 x upper limit of normal) ALT elevations occurred in 25% of patients, requiring routine monitoring early in treatment. The elevations were almost always asymptomatic, rarely accompanied by significant increases in bilirubin, and related to time on drug rather than to dose (90% occurred within the first 12 weeks of treatment). Gastrointestinal events were related to dose and generally of mild to moderate intensity. Tacrine-associated events, including ALT elevations, were reversible. Cholinergic events were manageable with dosage adjustment. Tacrine was not associated with permanent liver injury in clinical trials or a TIND setting.
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PMID:Safety of tacrine: clinical trials, treatment IND, and postmarketing experience. 965 Nov 38

The plant Mentha piperita, or peppermint, is commonly used in the treatment of loss of appetite, common cold, bronchitis, sinusitis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and indigestion as a herbal agent. In this study, we aimed to investigate biochemical and histological effects of M. piperita Labiatae, growing in the Yenisar Bademli town of Isparta city, and Mentha spicata Labiatae, growing in the Anamas high plateau of the Yenisar Bademli town, on the rat liver tissue. Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used for this study. Rats were divided into four groups of 12 animals: Group I received no herbal tea (control group); Group II received 20 g/L M. piperita tea; Group III received 20 g/L M. spicata tea; and Group IV received 40 g/L M. spicata tea. Herbal teas were prepared daily and provided at all times to the rats during 30 days as drinking water. Liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) activities were measured. To evaluate liver antioxidant defences, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) activities were determined in the homogenates of liver tissue. In addition, liver tissues were submitted for histopathologic examination. AST and ALT activities were increased in Group II, Group III and Group IV gradually when compared with the control group. The difference between Group II and the control group was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). Increases in AST and ALT activities of Group III and Group IV were statistically significant when compared with the control group. SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were increased in Group II when compared with the control group but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). However, SOD, GSH-Px activities and the TBARS level were significantly increased, and CAT activity was significantly decreased in Group III when compared with the control group. In Group IV, while SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were decreased, the TBARS level was increased as compared with the control group (P < 0.0016). Histopathological evaluation of experimental groups revealed a mild to severe degree of hepatic damage when compared to the control group. In Group II, there was only minimal hepatocytes degeneration. In Groups III and IV, there were granular or ballooning hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, sinusoidal and central vein dilatation. It was concluded that lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage occurs after M. piperita and M. spicata administration in rat liver and the damage seems to be dose dependent.
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PMID:Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita Labiatae and Mentha spicata Labiatae on liver tissue in rats. 1502 12

The hepatoprotective effect of birch bark extract (BBE) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) was studied. Forty-two patients with serologically confirmed chronic hepatitis C were treated for 12 weeks with 160 mg standardized BBE per day. The primary outcome parameter measured was the rate of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization after 12 weeks. Secondary parameters included the course of ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, quantitative HCV RNA levels, subjective symptoms associated with CHC (fatigue, abdominal discomfort, depression, and dyspepsia), safety and compliance. The qualitative-quantitative analysis of BBE was made using high performance liquid chromatography to confirm the presence of 75% betulin and 3.5% betulinic acid. Significant differences in the mean ALT and HCV RNA levels were observed after 12 weeks of treatment. The level of ALT was decreased in 54.0% and normalized (p=0.046). HCV RNA was reduced in 43.2% (p=0.016). After 12 weeks of treatment, reports of fatigue and abdominal discomfort were reduced by 6-fold (p=0.028) and 3-fold (p=0.05), respectively. Dyspepsia was no longer reported (p=0.042) and the effect was significantly different from baseline. Because this study lacks a control group clinical relevance of the data can only be estimated in future by following controlled clinical trials.
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PMID:Birch bark extract as therapy for chronic hepatitis C--a pilot study. 2137 54

This prospective study was conducted on 15 animals (eight buffaloes and seven cows), diagnosed with late pregnancy indigestion. Ten buffaloes and 10 cows served as the control group. The animals were in advanced pregnancy and had partial or complete anorexia, reduced water intake, loss of defecation or scanty faecal output, and mild to moderate dehydration. Heart and respiration rates were increased and rumen motility was reduced. Five animals had persistent tympany and moderate distension of left abdomen, and two animals each had bilateral abdominal distension and papple shaped abdomen. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher and lower than the control values. Total bilirubin, AST, total protein, globulin, BUN, glucose, and lactate were significantly higher, and chloride and calcium were significantly lower than the control values. Levels of ALP, GGT, albumin, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, fibrinogen, fibrinogen ratio, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium did not differ significantly from the control values. Rumen chloride concentration was higher than the reference range. Majority of animals were managed symptomatically until parturition. There was no effect on fetal survival or milk yield in current and subsequent lactation. So, late pregnancy indigestion causes clinical and hemato biochemical alterations which require special consideration when treating diseased animals.
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PMID:Clinico Hemato Biochemical Findings, Clinical Management, and Production Performance of Bovines with Late Pregnancy Indigestion (Type IV Vagal Indigestion). 2480 49

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (A. oxyphylla), as a kind of medicine which also be used as food, is widely used in East Asian for the treatment of dyspepsia, diarrhea, abdominal pain and deficiency cold of spleen and stomach. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ethanol extract (EE) and its dichloromethane fraction (DM) of A. oxyphylla, which are rich in phenolic compounds, against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in vitro and in vivo. EE, DM and silymarin ameliorated CCl4-induced decrease of cell viability and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells. The CCl4-induced changes of glutathione (GSH) and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) levels, and the decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were all restored with the pretreatment of EE, DM and silymarin. The results in liver injury model in rats showed that EE, DM and silymarin could significant decrease the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin than the model group. Liver histopathology revealed that EE and DM attenuated the incidence of liver lesions triggered by CCl4 intoxication. They also effectively relieved CCl4-induced oxidative damage. Western blot analysis indicated NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway played an critical role in the protection of EE and DM against CCl4-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, the extracts from A. oxyphylla might be used as hepatoprotective agents.
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PMID:Ethanol extract and its dichloromethane fraction of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel exhibited hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo with the involvement of Nrf2. 2850 Oct 8

Premna integrifolia Linn. is a medicinal plant used in "Dhasamula" drug preparation of Ayurvedic systems of medicine in the treatment of various ailments like bronchitis, dyspepsia, liver disorders, piles, constipation, hyperlipidemia and fever. The anti-atherosclerotic activity of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of root bark of P. integrifolia was evaluated in high fat diet induced atherosclerosis rats. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into six groups: the first group served as control, the second group was fed with high fat diet and the other three groups were fed with high fat diet along with various concentrations of HAE and the last group was treated with atorvastatin for 30 days. Lipid and lipoprotein profile, atherogenic index, and cardiac markers and histopathological evaluation of aorta were determined in high fat diet induced atherosclerosis rats. HAE of P. integrifolia produced a significant and dose-dependent anti-atherosclerotic activity in terms of reduction in lipids and lipoprotein profile, atherogenic index, HMG-CoA reductase activity, marker enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alteration in collagen and calcium contents, mild mineralization and focal rupture of intima and media of aorta was noticed in treated groups as compared to the control. The results suggested that anti-atherosclerotic activity of HAE of P. integrifolia Linn. was due to its modulatory activity on metabolic pathway of lipid. The results contribute to the validation of the traditional use of Agnimantha in high fat diet induced atherosclerosis rats.
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PMID:Anti-atherosclerotic activity of root bark of Premna integrifolia Linn. in high fat diet induced atherosclerosis model rats. 2940 27


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