Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013395 (dyspepsia)
 4,879 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three patients with headache of gastrointestinal origin are described. Reflux, dyspepsia, and constipation caused the headaches, which responded promptly to treatment of the respective gastrointestinal disorders.
Headache 2002 Mar
PMID:Headache of gastrointestinal origin: case studies. 1190 45

We evaluated the safety and side effects of sildenafil in a group of sexually active volunteers younger than 40 years under conditions without sexual stimulation. Single oral dose of 50 mg dildenafil (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) was randomly administered to 40 sexually active volunteers with the mean age of 26.80 +/- 5.29 in sildenafil group and 25.70 +/- 4.95 in placebo group. All the subjects were informed about the study, but not about the medicine. The following tests were performed immediately before and 90 minutes after the administration of the medicine: resting heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, visual acuity, color vision. The subjects were also asked to describe any discomfort or difference. Mann Whitney U test was used for statistical analyses. The only statistically significant difference was between heart rates before and after the administration of the sildenafil (p = 0.02). Color vision, visual acuity tests yielded no differences. The decrease in blood pressure was not significant. The most common side effects were flushing (75% and 0%), headache (50% and 5%), dyspepsia (15% and 5%), unintentional incomplete sexual arousal (15% and 0%) and palpitation (15% and 10%) in groups of sildenafil and placebo, respectively. The only serious side effect requiring medical treatment was arthralgia on the knee in one subject. Although these side effects can be acceptable, the likelihood of these side effects needs to be made clear to potential users of this medication.
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PMID:Evaluation of side effects of sildenafil in group of young healthy volunteers. 1198 69

Vardenafil selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), an enzyme which hydrolyses cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the cavernosum tissue of the penis. Inhibition of PDE5 results in increased arterial blood flow leading to enlargement of the corpus cavernosum. Because of the increased tumescence, veins are compressed between the corpus cavernosum and the tunica albuginea, resulting in an erection. Vardenafil has a high bioavailabilty and is rapidly absorbed. An erection of >60% rigidity was maintained for approximately twice as long following visual stimulation in patients treated with vardenafil 10 or 20mg than in recipients of placebo. In a large, placebo-controlled trial in patients with mild to severe erectile dysfunction (ED), vardenafil 5, 10 or 20mg taken as needed over a 12-week period significantly improved the scores in questions 3 and 4 of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The rate of successful attempts at intercourse with ejaculation was also significantly higher with vardenafil (71 to 75%) than in the placebo group (39.5%), and significantly more patients treated with vardenafil than placebo responded 'yes' to a Global Assessment Question (GAQ) asking if treatment had improved erections. In a 26-week trial in 736 men with ED of varied aetiologies and severity patients receiving vardenafil 5, 10 or 20mg experienced significantly improved erections with 85% of vardenafil 20mg recipients reporting improved erectile function (assessed using the GAQ) compared with 28% of placebo recipients. Treatment with vardenafil also significantly improved scores in response to questions 3 and 4 of the IIEF compared with placebo. A 12-week trial in 452 men with ED associated with diabetes mellitus demonstrated that treatment with vardenafil 20mg compared with placebo significantly improved IIEF erectile function domain scores and the rate of positive responders to the erectile improvement GAQ. Similar results were reported in a placebo-controlled trial of vardenafil 10 to 20mg involving 440 patients with ED after radical prostatectomy. Adverse events associated with vardenafil were those commonly associated with PDE5 inhibitors: headache, flushing, dyspepsia and rhinitis. These were mostly dose-dependent and mild to moderate in intensity.
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PMID:Vardenafil. 1202 79

Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men is amenable to correction with Viagra in a majority of patients. The accumulated experience of prescribing Viagra across the broad continuum of men suffering from ED is sufficient for a meaningful assessment of the safety of Viagra in clinical practice. The use of Viagra necessitates caution in cardiac failure and when used within six months of acute myocardial infarction and stroke. It is inadvisable in patients with unstable angina pectoris. The co-administration of Viagra with organic nitrates, for example, glyceryl trinitrate or isosorbide dinitrate, is unsafe. The relative contraindications to Viagra in cardiovascular disease are uncontrolled hypertension and impaired cardiac reserve. With respect to interactions with other drugs, the potential influence on the metabolism of Viagra by medications that affect the cytochrome-P-450 system does not translate into clinical effects. The vasodilatory properties of sildenafil citrate are largely responsible for unwanted effects. The most common side effects are headache, flushing (due to vasodilation), and dyspepsia (due to relaxation of the smooth muscle of the gastroesophageal sphincter with reflux). In the recommended single-dose range (25-100 mg), the use of Viagra for erectile dysfunction, in the absence of contraindications, is extremely safe provided the drug is taken under proper conditions.
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PMID:The clinical safety of viagra. 1207 89

Safety data from 546 men with erectile dysfunction (ED) enrolled in three double-blind, placebo-controlled studies conducted in distinct regions of Latin America were pooled and analyzed. The most commonly reported adverse events of all causalities associated with sildenafil treatment were headache (19%), flushing (14%), dyspepsia (6%), and nasal congestion (4%), reflecting the inhibitory effects of sildenafil on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the peripheral vasculature, gastroesophageal sphincter, and nasal mucosa. Visual symptoms were reported in 5.5%, reflecting sildenafil's minor inhibitory effects on cGMP-specific PDE6 in the retina. These adverse events were generally transient and mild, and rarely resulted in discontinuation of sildenafil therapy. Thus, in this representative sample of Latin American men with ED, including those with concomitant stable cardiovascular disease, sildenafil treatment was well tolerated with an incident rate of adverse events similar to reports from other patient populations.
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PMID:Tolerability and safety profile of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in Latin American patient populations. 1216 69

Respiratory tract infections have an important clinical and economic impact and they are the most common indication for antibiotic use in outpatient practice. This prospective, multicenter non-controlled trial assessed the efficacy and safety of gatifloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Patients were treated with a daily oral dose of gatifloxacin 400 mg for 7-14 days. The diagnosis of respiratory infection was made based on the clinical condition and/or radiologic findings. A total of 5,044 adult patients with community-acquired respiratory infections was treated with gatifloxacin in different centers in Brazil between March 1, 2001, and October 31, 2001. Among the 5,044 patients treated, 1,501 patients (29.76%) had community-acquired pneumonia, 756 (14.99%) had acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and 2,787 (55.25%) had acute sinusitis. Of the total of patients treated, 3,607 (71.51%) were considered cured, 1,261 (25%) progressed with some clinical improvement, 28 (0.56%) presented a relapse, 56 (1.11%) failed to treatment and 92 (1.82%) were unable to be evaluated. Adverse events were described in 634 (12.57%) patients. The most common adverse events were: nausea (2.24%); dyspepsia (1.86%); diarrhea (0.79%); change in taste (0.46%); insomnia and irritability (0.22%); dizziness (0.77%); headache (0.42%); allergic reaction (0.18%); Central Nervous System alterations insomnia, agitation, anxiety (0.46%). This study showed that the treatment of respiratory tract infections with gatifloxacin was safe and efficient and had a low incidence of adverse events.
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PMID:Treatment of adults with community-acquired respiratory tract infections: results of a multicentric clinical trial with gatifloxacin. 1220 81

This review discusses clinical aspects and mechanism of action of various injectable steroids used for contraception. The clinical effectiveness of various injectables is presented tabularly, with the following compounds having notable failure rates: medroxyprogesterone, 400 mg, 9.5 pregnancy/100 woman years; SH 582, 200 mg, 37/100 woman years; SH 582, 2.5 mg, 30/100 woman years; oxagesterone, 50 mg, 22/100 woman years. Contraceptive efficacy of medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethindrone enanthate, and Deladroxate was confirmed. Cycle control using injectables was generally good, but oral estrogens can be used with the injectables to help cycle control if needed. Clinical side effects to pure progestogens are minimal, although headaches, dizziness, dyspepsia, or nonspecific effects have been noted. Addition of estrogen leads to breast symptoms in 9-13% of cases, and sometimes to weight gain, nausea, and vomiting. Use of injectables is particularly encouraged for postpartum women. Despite cycle irregularities associated with progestogen injectables, acceptability is good--drop-out rate is in the 25% range for the commonly used compounds. Fertility is reestablished within 5 weeks to 4 months after injections cease. Possible mechanisms of action of injectables include: inhibition of ovulation either due to inhibition of luteinizing hormone or direct effect on the ovary; effect on the endometrium; or effect on cervical mucus such that it becomes hostile to spermatozoa.
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PMID:Injectable steroids as a method of contraception. 1231 80

Erectile dysfunction (ED) (impotence) is a widespread, age-related problem, which affects 52% of men between 40 and 70 years of age. It is classified as psychogenic, organic, or mixed psychogenic and organic. ED is not a problem only of men, because the relationship between partners can also be disturbed. Therefore, adequate treatment of ED is needed and the most convenient and simplest way is oral drug therapy. Sildenafil, phosphodiesterase-(PDE)-5-selective inhibitor has been the drug of choice for patients with ED since it has been launched in March 1998. The results of various studies have confirmed the efficacy of the drug in men with ED of various etiologies, as well as the positive effect of sildenafil on the quality of a partnership. The most frequent adverse effects documented with sildenafil usage are headache, flushes, dyspepsia, visual disturbances and nasal congestion/rhinitis. These adverse effects are dose-related, usually transient and mild, with low withdrawal rate. Several studies performed recently have shown that sildenafil is a safe and effective treatment of ED in patients with cardiovascular disease, who do not take nitrates or nitrate donors concomitantly. Other oral medications for ED include apomorphine, phentolamine, yohimbine, trazodone, testosterone and new PDE-5 inhibitors in Phase III clinical trials, such as vardenafil and tadalafil. It is obvious, according to recent data, that the concept of PDE-5 inhibition has a central position in oral pharmacotherapy of ED. However, larger clinical studies of efficacy and safety should be carried out using most of the other above-mentioned oral agents and these may also gain a place in the therapy of ED. There are no studies directly comparing sildenafil and other treatments of ED or assessing its role in combination with other therapies. According to the present knowledge, the quality of life, not only of patients but also of their sexual partners, will be improved significantly with sildenafil usage and this is an important precondition for overall health ofboth. Sildenafil is thus a highly effective peroral treatment for ED in patients without contraindications for its use, which can be considered as the firstline therapy with an acceptable risk-benefit ratio.
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PMID:Erectile dysfunction: oral pharmacotherapy options. 1235 56

The aim of this study is to assess, in a double blind randomized clinical trial, the effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the pain and associated symptoms in patients with migraine. Sixty patients with migraine with aura and 68 patients with migraine without aura were assigned at random to receive IV 0.1 mg/Kg CPZ or placebo. We assessed pain intensity, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia at baseline, 30 min, and 60 min post-IV administration. End-point efficacy at 60 min was used to calculate the number needed to treat (NNT). We also recorded adverse effects, need for rescue medication at 24 h, and recurrence of headache at 24 h. We found clinically and statistically significant (p < 0.01) improvement associated with CPZ in pain scores, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and need for rescue medication, all at 60 min, and in rate of recurrence at 24 h, both in patients with and without aura. NNT = 2. Those allocated to CPZ had less nausea and dyspepsia, but more drowsiness and postural hypotension than those receiving placebo. CPZ is an excellent option for the treatment of migraines, with and without aura, in the Emergency Department.
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PMID:Intravenous chlorpromazine in the emergency department treatment of migraines: a randomized controlled trial. 1458 64

Cefditoren pivoxil, an oral third-generation cephalosporin, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in September 2001. It has been used in Japan for several years. The greatest therapeutic potential of cefditoren appears to be its activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms causing respiratory tract infections and skin and skin-structure infections, such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Cefditoren is also effective against methicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Nevertheless, cefditoren has no activity against atypical pathogens, including Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella sp. Moreover, cefditoren does not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Bacteroides fragilis. In virtually all studies, cefditoren has compared favorably against other orally administered antibiotics used against the most commonly isolated respiratory tract pathogens. Its side effect profile includes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dyspepsia. Cefditoren is indicated for treatment of mild-to-moderate acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis-tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by susceptible strains of organisms in adults and adolescents (> or = 12 yrs of age). Based on its reported antimicrobial activity, cefditoren has potential for empiric management of most commonly encountered respiratory tract infections. Additional studies will further define its role in clinical practice.
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PMID:Cefditoren, a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. 1238 78


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