Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013395 (dyspepsia)
 4,879 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the SAC generally are healthy and tolerant of a wide variety of management schemes, a number of noninfectious diseases have been documented to occur, affecting all body systems. Gastrointestinal diseases appear to be the most common afflictions, particularly dental diseases, indigestion, ulceration of the third compartment, and the various causes of colic, such as enteritis, peritonitis, and intestinal accidents. Diseases of the urinary system (urolithiasis, amyloidosis, and glomerulonephritis in particular), the nervous system (especially various compressive lesions of the spinal cord), and the respiratory system (such as obstructive pulmonary diseases) are not uncommon. Diseases of the cardiovascular system (other than congenital defects), hemolymphatic system, and nonsurgical diseases of the musculoskeletal system only rarely are encountered. Heat stress appears to be a very common problem in certain areas, but other metabolic diseases (ketosis, hypocalcemia, and hypothyroidism) are of minor importance. It is assumed that SAC are susceptible to most of the same toxicities that affect domestic livestock species. The best documented examples appear to be the Ericaceae family of plants (laurels, rhododendrons, and so on) and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. Neoplasia occasionally is seen; examples include lymphosarcoma, gastric squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. As the longevity of these species increases because of their pet status, neoplasia can be expected to become more common. The treatment of most of these conditions is based upon extrapolation from domestic ruminants.
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PMID:Noninfectious diseases, metabolic diseases, toxicities, and neoplastic diseases of South American camelids. 264 30

Daily butyric acid doses of 0.5 g/kg body weight or 1.0 g/kg were intraruminally applied to 8 young fattening bulls together with regular feed rations, for 19 days, following an initial phase for adaptation. Indigestion phenomena were recordable from 30% of the animals, primarily on the early days of the experiment. Both doses produced sinusoidal beta-OH butyrate curves without major dose-dependent deviations. The concentrations of glucose and free fatty acids were indicative of temporary subclinical ketosis. Neither ASAT, ALAT, and gamma-glutamyltransferase nor bilirubin nor liver glycogen were indicative of liver damage. The lower dose of 0.5 g/kg was widely tolerated, but clearly discernible disorders developed in response to the higher dose of 1.0 g/kg of butyric acid.
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PMID:[Subacute butyric acid burden in cattle. 1. Clinical results and effects on the carbohydrate-fat metabolism and the liver function of young fattening bulls]. 277 40

By "Rumen acidosis" until recently only the acute indigestion with intoxication caused by excessive production of lactic acid was understood. Meanwhile, however, it has become evident that further pathologic changes can take place in the acid-base status of the rumen contents which may also be referred to as "Rumen acidosis". Basing on new literature and own experiences the paper gives a review of that "Rumen acidosis complex": Fundamentals of the regulation of pH in the rumen; chronic latent rumen acidosis (hyper- and parakeratosis, chronic hyperplastic rumenitis, rumenitis-liver abscess complex, hyperlipodeposition, low milk fat syndrome, atypical ketosis, chronic laminitis, cerebrocortical necrosis, acid-base metabolism); acute lactic acidosis (etiology, pathogenesis, therapy, prophylaxis).
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PMID:[Ruminal acidosis complex--new observations and experiences (2). A review]. 287 33

By "Rumen acidosis" until recently only the acute indigestion with intoxication caused by excessive production of lactic acid was understood. Meanwhile, however, it has become evident that further pathologic changes can take place in the acid-base status of the rumen contents which may also be referred to as "Rumen acidosis". Basing on new literature and own experiences the paper gives a review of that "Rumen acidosis complex": Fundamentals of the regulation of pH in the rumen; chronic latent rumen acidosis (hyper-and parakeratosis, chronic hyperplastic rumenitis, rumenitis-liver abscess complex, hyperlipodeposition, low milk fat syndrome, atypical ketosis, chronic laminitis, cerebrocortical necrosis, acid-base metabolism); acute lactic acidosis (etiology, pathogenesis, therapy, prophylaxis).
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PMID:[The rumen acidosis complex--recent knowledge and experiences (1). A review]. 383 44

Holstein-Friesian heifer calves were fed roughage consisting of corn silage only, corn silage and haycrop silage (60:40, dry matter), or corn silage and dry hay (60:40 dry matter) from birth through completion of three lactations. Forages were fed ad libitum throughout and supplemented as required. Objectives were to determine effects of forage on survival, health, and reproduction. Of the 15 calves allotted per treatment 6, 10, and 7 completed three lactations fed corn silage, corn silage plus haycrop silage, or corn silage plus hay. At any time fewer animals survived on corn silage treatment resulting in 22 completed lactations compared to 36 and 29 lactations for those receiving haycrop silage or hay. Primary reasons for removal from experiment were enzootic pneumonia, 7; reproductive failure, 8; and mastitis, 6; and not forage treatment. Fewer animals on corn silage treatment were primarily from calfhood pneumonia. Reproduction measured by age at first calving (24.6 mo), calving interval (398 days), and services per conception (2.1) was similar across treatments. Incidence of health problems was in normal ranges and similar across treatments. Forage treatment had no effect on incidence of ketosis, left displaced abomasum, or simple indigestion.
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PMID:All silage forage programs for dairy cattle. III. Health, survival, and reproduction. 738 Oct 82

Dehydrocholic acid (Biliton) was given to 9 cows with a predisposition for the fat mobilization syndrome in daily doses of 5.5 g each. This was done two weeks after parturition and the results were compared with those from 9 untreated cows. Five other cows suffering from ketosis or indigestion symptoms were treated too. Decreased concentrations of liver lipids, free fatty acids (FFA), bilirubin, beta-OH-butyrate and urea as well as increased glucose in blood plasma indicated a favourable action of Dehydrocholic acid on metabolism and liver function. We did not observe a significant influence on milk and reproduction parameters. The use of Dehydrocholic acid is recommended for use in liver disturbances.
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PMID:[Effects of dehydrocholic acid (Biliton) on metabolism and liver function in cows]. 822 42

The purpose of this investigation was to study the metabolic situation in clinical cases of bovine ketosis and to diagnose additional diseases. Extensive clinical examination, clinical biochemistry, haematology and fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver was performed on 17 ketotic and eight control dairy cows in the field, and on seven hospitalized hyperketonaemic fatty liver patients. Additional findings in the ketotic group were heat (n = 7), indigestion (n = 5), endometritis (n = 2), cystic ovaries (n = 1), and mastitis (n = 1), and in the fatty liver group displaced abomasum (n = 4), abomasal ulcers (n = 3), mastitis (n = 2), laminitis (n = 1), bronchopneumonia (n = 1), and hypomagnesaemia (n = 2). There were no additional findings in the control group. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) were elevated in the ketosis and fatty liver groups. Total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) were elevated in the fatty liver group and in some animals in the ketosis group. Total bile acid was not different between the groups. The free fatty acid/cholesterol ratio was higher in the fatty liver group compared with the control and ketosis groups. There was no or only slight fatty degeneration of the liver cells in the control and ketosis groups. Glucose and insulin preinjection concentrations and changes from basal values after glucagon injection were significantly lower in the ketosis group if compared with the control group. The responses in the fatty liver animals after glucagon injection were more heterogeneous than in the control and ketosis animals, a sign of disturbance in the metabolic adaptation, which together with high free fatty acid (FFA) levels can lead to fatty liver in cows with concurrent diseases.
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PMID:Glucose and insulin responses to glucagon injection in dairy cows with ketosis and fatty liver. 946 72

The study included 125 cows with reduced appetite and with clinical signs interpreted by the owner as indicating bovine ketosis 6 to 75 days postpartum. Almost all of the cows were given concentrates 2 to 3 times daily. With a practitioners view to treatment and prophylaxis the cows were divided into 5 diagnostic groups on the basis of thorough clinical examination, milk ketotest, decreased protozoal activity and concentrations, increased methylene blue reduction time, and increased liver parameters: ketosis (n = 32), indigestion (n = 26), combined ketosis and indigestion (n = 29), liver disease combined with ketosis, indigestion, or both (n = 15), and no specific diagnosis (n = 17). Three cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and 3 with abomasal displacement were not grouped. Nonparametric methods were used when groups were compared. Aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and total bilirubin were elevated in the group with liver disease. Free fatty acids were significantly elevated in cows with ketosis, compared with cows with indigestion. Activity and concentrations of large and small protozoas were reduced, and methylene blue reduction time was increased in cows with indigestion. The rumen fluid pH was the same for groups of cows with and without indigestion. Prolonged reduced appetite before examination could have led to misclassification. Without careful interpretation of the milk ketotest, many cases with additional diagnoses would have been reported as primary ketosis. Thorough clinical examination together with feasible rumen fluid examination and economically reasonable blood biochemistry did not uncover the reason(s) for reduced appetite in 14% of the cows. More powerful diagnostic methods are needed.
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PMID:Field study of dairy cows with reduced appetite in early lactation: clinical examinations, blood and rumen fluid analyses. 1150 66

The objective was to determine whether daily walking activity and milk yields could be used as predictors of metabolic and digestive disorders early in lactation. Data were collected from 1996 through 1999 from 1445 dairy cows in 3 Florida herds. Walking activity, milk yield, and other measures were collected from a computerized dairy management system. Mixed models analysis was used for data on cows before their first detected estrus, as identified by difference in activity. Healthy cows were defined as those without any metabolic or digestive disorder during the prebreeding stage, whereas a sick cow had an occurrence of those disorders at any time during the prebreeding stage. Metabolic disorders were ketosis, retained placenta, and milk fever. Digestive disorders included displaced abomasum, indigestion, reduced feed intake, traumatic gastritis, acidosis, and bloat. Data from cows with known cases of ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and digestive disorders were analyzed to determine changes in activity and milk yield before those specific disorders were clinically diagnosed. Although walking activity was generally lower among sick cows, cows with ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and digestive disorders had higher than average activity 8, 9, and 8 d, respectively, before each diagnosed disorder. Daily milk yields of sick cows were approximately 15 kg/d less than milk yields of healthy cows. Milk yields were lower by 6, 7, and 5 d, respectively, before diagnoses of ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and digestive disorders. Cows with ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and general digestive disorders could possibly be detected about 5 to 6 d earlier than clinical diagnoses based on changes in daily walking activity and milk yield.
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PMID:Using activity and milk yield as predictors of fresh cow disorders. 1476 96

The results are based on the Norwegian Cattle Health Recording System, which has been in place for the entire country since 1975. The dairy breeds in Norway consist of 94% Norwegian Red and 4% crossbreeds with Norwegian Red. No other breed consists of more than 0.5% of the total population. During the past 30 yr, there have been 11,563,692 dairy cows within the recording system, corresponding to 8,633,532 cow-years and 8,632,516 calvings. This population consisted of 3,038,675 first-calving cows. Altogether, 8,435,704 different diagnoses were recorded from 4,444,485 different cows each year. The general trend for all recordings was an increase in the incidence rate of all cases from 0.74 per 365 d at risk (cow-year) in 1976 to 1.36 in 1990, and then a decrease to 0.62 in 2002. The corresponding figures for cows treated per cow-year were 0.44 up to a maximum of 0.82, and then a decrease to 0.46 per cow-year in 2002. The most common diseases were acute (severe to moderate) clinical mastitis, chronic (mild) clinical mastitis, ketosis, milk fever, teat injuries, retained placenta, silent heat or anestrous, indigestion, cystic ovaries, and metritis. Clinical mastitis increased from 0.15 cows treated per cow-year in 1975 to 0.44 in 1994, and then decreased to 0.23 in 2002. Ketosis began at 0.10 in 1975, increased to 0.24 in 1985, and then decreased to 0.05 in 2005. For several of the most common diseases, there was a reduction of more than 50% from the 1990s to the years after 2000. Validation processes confirmed that this fluctuation reflected the general trend in the population. The disease recording system also reflected the known outbreaks of bovine respiratory syncytial virus during 1976, 1989 to 1990, and 1995. A marked increase in malformation diagnoses could be seen in 1986 and in 1989 and 1990. These could be related to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986. The diagnosis that showed the most stability throughout these 30 yr was retained placenta. The 3 main reasons for the large fluctuation for many of the diseases could be the following: a breeding effect, an effect of preventive work, and an effect of changing the therapeutic attitude. Many of the actions taken to bring about improvements would not have been possible without a functioning and practical recording system. Our experience is that an organ-related diagnosis system with up to 60 or 70 different diagnoses will meet the needs of the dairy industry.
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PMID:Results and evaluation of thirty years of health recordings in the Norwegian dairy cattle population. 1769 70


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