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Query: UMLS:C0013395 (dyspepsia)
 4,879 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dyspepsia is a major public problem. It occurs in 25-40% of the general population negatively affecting the quality of life. 2-3% of the patients visited by the GP and up to 30% of those visited by the gastroenterologist have dyspepsia. Both diagnostic procedure and therapy are expensive. Definition, aetiology and pathogenesis of the disorder are not clear cut. The aim of this review is to outline the main trends in the relevant area of the clinical practice. The authors choose the most comprehensive definition among the thirty of the medical literature. To rule out, the most commonly and frequently wrong opinions risk factors have been examined. The authors distinguished between symptoms of function and organic dyspepsia and those of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease, which often overlap and make difficult the management of the patient. The aetiology and pathogenesis have also been discussed, with particular emphasis on Hp. Advantages and drawbacks of different diagnostic approaches have been investigated. An age and symptoms related approach of the cases with dyspepsia is proposed, which allows to manage the patient without the necessity of invasive procedures. It is finally suggested that are cases which can be managed by the GP and others for whom the gastroenterologist intervention is mandatory.
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PMID:[Dyspepsia: a reappraisal problem]. 965 3

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of abdominal symptoms and the abdominal medical history among sewage workers. 142 male sewage workers and 137 male referents in 11 Swedish municipalities were addressed with a questionnaire about abdominal symptoms, medical history, occupational history and life style factors. The sewage workers suffered less from nausea [adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) = 0.18, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.04-0.84] than the referents. There was no significant difference in the three months prevalence of diarrhoea (adjOR = 1.7, 95% Cl = 0.79-3.4), dyspepsia (adjOR = 0.85, 95% Cl = 0.49-1.5) or irritable bowel syndrome (adjOR = 1.4, 95% Cl = 0.53-3.5). The sewage workers were affected more often by peptic ulcers during their present jobs than the referents, although the increased risk was not significant (adjOR = 1.4, 95% Cl = 0.31-6.1). The odds ratios were adjusted for age, use of tobacco products and alcohol consumption. The conclusion of this study was that sewage workers are less affected by nausea than comparable referents.
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PMID:Abdominal symptoms among sewage workers. 980 Apr 23

Functional gut disorders include several clinical entities defined on the basis of symptom patterns (e.g., functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, functional abdominal bloating), for which there is no established pathophysiological mechanism. Because there is no well-defined pathophysiological target, treatment should be aimed at symptom improvement. Prokinetics and antispasmodics have been widely used in the treatment of functional gut disorders on the assumption that disordered motility is the underlying cause of symptoms, and symptom improvement is indeed achievable with these compounds in some, but not all, patients with features of hypo- or hypermotility, respectively. In the first part of this review, we cover the basic pharmacology and discuss the rationale for the clinical use of prokinetics and antispasmodics. On the other hand, in the past few years, the explosive growth in the research focusing on visceral sensitivity and visceral reflexes has suggested that at least some patients with functional gut disorders have altered visceral perception. Thus, the second part of the review covers these developments and focuses on studies addressing the issue of drugs modulating visceral sensitivity.
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PMID:Functional gut disorders: from motility to sensitivity disorders. A review of current and investigational drugs for their management. 980 54

To determine whether functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome are different entities, epidemiological data, factor analysis studies, physiological data and associated psychological symptoms were reviewed. Between 30% and 60% of patients with either diagnosis also meet the criteria for the other diagnosis, a level greater than expected to occur by chance but not sufficient to infer an identity. Most factor analysis studies identify independent clusters of symptoms corresponding to functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. Visceral hypersensitivity is seen throughout the gastrointestinal tract in both disorders, but the motility patterns seen in association with functional dyspepsia (principally antral hypomotility and delayed gastric emptying) differ from the motility patterns seen in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychological symptoms are similar in these two disorders but are not believed to be aetiological for either of them. Thus, based on a factor analysis of gastrointestinal symptoms and differences in intestinal motility, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome appear to be different entities.
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PMID:Is functional dyspepsia just a subset of the irritable bowel syndrome? 989 81

Symptoms of functional dyspepsia, such as epigastric pain, bloating or early satiety and nausea, are non-specific and are likely to arise from different mechanisms. Current evidence suggests the presence of at least two subgroups: patients who respond to a prolonged course of acid suppression and patients who show a significant overlap of symptoms with other functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. An enhanced sensitivity of visceral afferent pathways with or without associated autonomic dysregulation appears to play an important role in the aetiology of symptoms in the second group. In the absence of visceral hypersensitivity, neither the slowing of gastric emptying nor the presence of chronic gastritis appears to be sufficient to cause symptoms of functional dyspepsia. The mechanisms and aetiology of visceral hypersensitivity are incompletely understood. An alteration in the interplay between vagal and spinal afferents, and the inadequate activation of antinociceptive systems in response to tissue irritation, may play a role in symptom generation.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal sensory abnormalities in functional dyspepsia. 989 87

The causes of functional dyspepsia remain unclear. Research has linked other functional gastrointestinal disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome, to a history of physical or sexual abuse, psychosocial distress and certain psychiatric disorders. In functional dyspepsia, there is a possibility of certain psychiatric disorders, particularly alcohol abuse and eating disorders, indirectly influencing the development of functional dyspepsia-like symptoms. However, the literature on possible psychosocial correlates in functional dyspepsia is not as mature as the literature on irritable bowel syndrome. This paper critically reviews the psychosocial dimensions and implications for the psychotherapeutic treatment of functional dyspepsia.
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PMID:Are psychosocial factors of aetiological importance in functional dyspepsia? 989 88

While many definitions exist, dyspepsia is best considered a symptom complex (not a diagnosis) thought to arise in the upper gastrointestinal tract, unrelated to defecation. The symptom complex includes: upper abdominal/epigastric pain or discomfort, postprandial fullness, bloating, belching, early satiety, anorexia, nausea, retching, vomiting, heartburn and regurgitation. Patients with typical gastroesophageal reflux, biliary colic and irritable bowel syndrome should not be considered to have dyspepsia. After investigations, if a cause of dyspepsia is found, this is 'organic or structural' dyspepsia. If no structural cause is found, this is best called 'functional dyspepsia', subclassified into a) ulcer-like b) dysmotility-like c) reflux-like and d) unspecified dyspepsia. This symptom guided classification should be shifted to the first presentation with uninvestigated dyspepsia, prior to any investigations, to define a clinically useful guide to patient care. As there is considerable symptom overlap, it may be useful to combine together the ulcer and reflux-like groups into an acid-related dyspepsia group. In 1998, another approach would be to screen dyspeptic patients with an H. pylori test and classify them as H. pylori positive and negative dyspepsia.
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PMID:Definitions of dyspepsia: time for a reappraisal. 1002 67

Functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or functional dyspepsia have traditionally been regarded as syndromes limited to the digestive system. However, both clinical experience and published evidence show that patients with such disorders also report a series of other symptoms of physical distress, such as fibromyalgia and irritable bladder and alterations in vital functions, such as sleep, libido, appetite and energy level. Some of these extraintestinal symptoms can be explained in the context of an evolving comprehensive disease model which views functional gastrointestinal disorders as manifestations of alterations in the interactions between the nervous system, the viscera and the musculoskeletal system. Alterations in central circuits concerned with arousal, attention and fear, cognitions about bodily symptoms and possible alterations in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may all contribute to the wide range of symptoms reported by affected patients.
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PMID:Intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders. 1002 69

Previous epidemiological studies have confirmed the clinical impression that functional gastrointestinal disorders typically overlap with fibromyalgia (FM) in the same patient, suggesting a common etiology. FM syndrome occurs in up to 60% of patients with functional bowel disorders. Up to 50% of patients with a diagnosis of FM syndrome complain of symptoms characteristic of functional dyspepsia and 70% have symptoms of IBS. These two conditions have common clinical characteristics: (1) the majority of patients associate stressful life events with the initiation or exacerbation of symptoms, (2) the majority of patients complain of disturbed sleep and fatigue, (3) psychotherapy and behavioral therapies are efficacious in treating symptoms, and (4) low-dose tricyclic antidepressant medication can improve symptoms. Despite these similarities, their perceptual responses to both somatic and visceral stimuli differ. While FM patients characteristically exhibit somatic hyperalgesia, IBS patients without coexistent FM have somatic hypoalgesia to mechanical stimuli. Visceral distention studies have also demonstrated perceptual alterations in patients with IBS and FM although these findings appear to differ in the two conditions. Further studies will help explore the mechanisms which are responsible for the similarities and differences in clinical symptoms and physiologic parameters seen in IBS and FM.
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PMID:The association of functional gastrointestinal disorders and fibromyalgia. 1002 70

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are most commonly divided into gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), dyspepsia and the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). GORD is defined as having predominant reflux symptoms, and is nowadays not considered to be a subgroup of dyspepsia. Dyspepsia is divided into subgroups (ulcer-like, dysmotility-like, unspecified and sometimes, when reflux symptoms are combined with abdominal complaints, reflux-like dyspepsia). The clinical relevance of this is however doubtful. If dyspeptic symptoms occur with concomitant bowel habit disturbances, the subject is said to have IBS. In the clinical situation, the patients often present with symptom overlap, and with change in main symptom profile from time to time. Different definition makes prevalence reports less comparable. An approximate average in the literature of the three-month period prevalence of GORD is that it is reported by 10% of the population, of overall reflux symptoms by 25%, of dyspepsia (without predominant reflux symptoms) by 25%, of dyspepsia without concomitant reflux symptoms by 15% and of IBS by 15% of the population.
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PMID:The epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders. 1002 75


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