Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0013362 (dysarthria)
 3,768 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This survey deals with two aspects of developmental dysphasia which are relevant to child psychiatry; the early diagnosis and treatment of children with developmental dysphasia, which may prevent the progression of learning and behaviour disorders, and the underlying biological causes of this neuro-developmental disorder. The pathophysiology of developmental dysphasia is complex and age-related. In the pre-verbal and early verbal stage, the severity of the clinical picture is primarily determined by concomitant motor pathology (motor dysfunction, dysarthria, general and oral dyspraxia) and by receptive pathology (hearing and auditory perception). In the verbal period, linguistic problems start to play a role, and often combine with oral motor symptoms to present a mixed picture. The various language syndromes do not become clear until some time later. After the kindergarten period, the oral motor and perceptual problems decrease and the language disorders continue to play a role and influence the child's conversation, internal speech and learning a school. In a relatively small number of children without oral motor, perceptual or memory problems, there can be a basic syndrome of "pure dysphasia" without any other neurological signs. These children are very likely to have a genetically determined developmental disorder on a limited neuronal level (no cerebral damage of any kind!) such as an abnormal asymmetry of the hemispheres. In somewhat more than half the patients, this basic syndrome is accompanied by other neurological signs, most of which are indicative of functional disorders of the left hemisphere. There can also be symptoms of the right hemisphere, of the corpus callosum and of the afferent pathway systems for auditory perception. The nature and causes of these anomalies can be multifarious, so that it is unfeasible to speak of THE substrate or THE pathogenesis. Treatment should not be confined to speech therapy techniques, but should also take into consideration the existence of abnormal motor and affective development and can thus only be optimally given by a highly trained team whose expertise also extends to the schooling aspect.
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PMID:Developmental dysphasia: clinical importance and underlying neurological causes. 170 78

WE REVIEW THE phenomenology, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, and therapy of posttraumatic movement disorders with special emphasis on neurosurgical treatment options. We also explore possible links between craniocerebral trauma and parkinsonism. The cause-effect relationship between head injury and subsequent movement disorder is not fully appreciated. This may be related partially to the delayed appearance of the movement disorder. Movement disorders after severe head injury have been reported in 13 to 66% of patients. Although movement disorders after mild or moderate head injury are frequently transient and, in general, do not result in additional disability, kinetic tremors and dystonia may be a source of marked disability in survivors of severe head injury. Functional stereotactic surgery provides long-term symptomatic and functional benefits in the majority of patients. Thalamic radiofrequency lesioning, although beneficial in some patients, frequently is associated with side effects such as increased dysarthria or gait disturbance, particularly in patients with kinetic tremor secondary to diffuse axonal injury. Deep brain stimulation is used increasingly as an option in such patients. It remains unclear whether pallidal or thalamic targets are more beneficial for treatment of posttraumatic dystonia. Trauma to the central nervous system is an important causative factor in a variety of movement disorders. The mediation of the effects of trauma and the pathophysiology of the development of posttraumatic movement disorders require further study. Functional stereotactic surgery should be considered in patients with disabling movement disorders refractory to medical treatment.
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PMID:Head injury and posttraumatic movement disorders. 1195 Mar 95