Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phenytoin sodium was evaluated for its effect on the development and intensity of acute mountain sickness (AMS) because of its ability to reduce intracellular Na+ concentrations in brain and thereby minimize any tendency to increase cellular volume, a hypothetical cause of AMS. Six men aged 19-35 were exposed to approximately 4600 m altitude in a hypobaric chamber for 52 h on two occasions separated by 10 d at sea level. Subjects received wither phenytoin or placebo for 18 h before (700 mg, divided dose) and throughout (100 mg t.i.d.) each altitude exposure in a double-blind, repeated-measures (crossover) design. Phenytoin serum concentrations ranged from 4.4-13.9 micrograms/ml during altitude exposure. Twice daily questionnaires and clinical evaluations showed no marked benefit from phenytoin on the occurrence, severity, or duration of AMS symptoms: headache, nausea, insomnia, and general malaise. Overall, 1 subject felt better, 2 felt worse, 1 felt the same; 2 were not suitably comparable. There was no observed relationship between serum levels and symptoms of AMS. Moderate degrees of weakness and dizziness were each reported by 3 subjects with phenytoin but not with placebo, however. Resting pulmonary ventilation, end-tidal PO2 and PCO2, map reading abilities and respiratory mask donning times were not affected by phenytoin. Under the conditions of this trial, phenytoin did not appear to be useful in managing AMS.
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PMID:Phenytoin: ineffective against acute mountain sickness. 676 69

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral venous blood gases were investigated in seven awake patients during hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside. Infusion of the drug into the internal carotid artery produced no changes in cerebral haemodynamics. Intravenous nitroprusside infusion resulted in a decrease in both CBF and jugular venous PO2 (P less than 0.01, respectively). Reducing mean arterial blood pressure by 18% and 43% produced a mean CBF fall of 6% and 27% respectively. Arteriovenous oxygen difference increased in consonance with the CBF decrease (P less than 0.01). Arterial PCO2 fell during the infusion (P less than 0.01). At 18% blood pressure reduction, the observed PCO2 decrease of 0.25 kPa could account for the 6% CBF decrease. At 43% blood pressure reduction, PCO2 fell by 0.53 kPa, a decrease which could not explain the observed CBF fall of 27%. Dizziness and incipient fainting occurred in the patients at this point. It is concluded that sodium nitroprusside has a minor but significant effect on cerebral haemodynamics in normal awake man.
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PMID:The effects of sodium nitroprusside on cerebral blood flow and cerebral venous blood gases. II. Observations in awake man during successive blood pressure reduction. 681 9

Augmentin, a formulation of amoxycillin trihydrate 250 mg and sodium clavulanate 125 mg per tablet (A-CS) (Augmentin; Beecham), was used in treating 29 episodes of urinary tract infection occurring in 26 patients admitted to the Spinal Unit of the H. F. Verwoerd Hospital, Pretoria. Patients who had a urinary bacterial cell count of more than 105 of the same amoxycillin-resistant organism before and after the oral administration of amoxycillin 500 mg 3 times a day for 48 hours, received 2 A-CS 375 mg tablets orally, 3 times a day at the start if a meal for 5 days. The 29 strains of amoxycillin-resistant organisms treated in this study were: Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11), Proteus mirabilis (4), Enterobacter cloacae (2), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1). The bacteriological success rate 24 hours after therapy was 100% and 8 days after therapy 69%, dependent on patient management. In patients on free drainage and managed with condoms a bacteriological success rate of 55,5% was recorded and in patients managed by intermittent catheterization a bacteriological success rate of 75% was recorded. Side-effects were minimal; 1 patient complained of dizziness and no instances of nausea or vomiting were reported. Haematological, renal and hepatic monitoring before and after A-CS-therapy revealed no drug-related toxicity.
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PMID:[Treatment with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal injuries]. 697 6

Guanabenz, a centrally acting alpha-adrenergic antihypertensive agent, produces neither the sodium retention seen with other centrally acting agents nor the metabolic abnormalities characteristic of diuretics. In this study, which involved 204 hypertensive out-patients, the additive effects of guanabenz and hydrochlorothiazide were compared with the effects of hydrochlorothiazide therapy alone. Before randomization to the 6-month blinded addition of either guanabenz or placebo, hydrochlorothiazide (50 or 100 mg/day; mean, 70 mg/day) was administered as sole therapy for 6 weeks. During this time, mean supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) decreased from 102 to 94 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), with a satisfactory clinical response rate of 62% and a mean weight loss of 2 lbs (p less than 0.01). No further change in mean SDBP occurred during the next 6 months of diuretic therapy, whereas the addition of guanabenz (mean dose, 24 mg/day) caused a further decrease in mean SDBP to 88 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), an increase in the response rate to 86%, and no weight change. Pulse rates in both groups were unchanged. The principal side-effects in both groups were dry mouth, drowsiness, weakness, and dizziness, with a greater incidence of each during the combination therapy. The usual laboratory abnormalities were associated with hydrochlorothiazide. Guanabenz was found to enhance the antihypertensive efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide without compromising its natriuretic properties or producing additional metabolic abnormalities.
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PMID:Evaluation of guanabenz added to hydrochlorothiazide therapy in hypertension. 704 56

1 Single oral doses of lofexidine, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg produced dose related decreases in supine and standing arterial pressure and heart rate in nineteen patients with essential hypertension. 2 A mean oral antihypertensive threshold dose of less than 0.1 mg was estimated. 3 Lofexidine decreased mean urinary noradrenaline excretion 28% and caused significant retention of sodium and water. 4 The most prominent side effects were sedation and orthostatic dizziness. 5 Lofexidine is pharmacologically similar to, but apparently less potent than clonidine as an antihypertensive agent.
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PMID:Antihypertensive effects of lofexidine in patients with essential hypertension. 705 42

Systemic antihistamines were administered prior to dye injection in 50 patients undergoing fluorescein angiography. The patients were monitored for side effects. Venous blood samples were obtained before and at three, ten and thirty minutes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein and analyzed for histamine levels. Three patients (6%) developed minor side effects of nausea or dizziness; this compares to an incidence of 21% in a previous series of patients from our institution untreated with antihistamines. A three-fold increase in plasma histamine levels occurred in 28% of patients following fluorescein and antihistamine injection; this compares with a 26% incidence of increase in plasma histamine in patients receiving fluorescein without antihistamines (as determined in a previous study). Prophylactic antihistamines should be considered in patients undergoing fluorescein angiography if they have a history of previous allergies or side reactions during prior fluorescein studies. However, complete prophylaxis against severe side reactions to fluorescein injections is not assured with antihistamines.
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PMID:Antihistamines as prophylaxis against side reactions to intravenous fluorescein. 725 56

Guanabenz, a centrally acting antihypertensive (alpha-agonist) that does not induce secondary sodium retention or other metabolic disturbances, was evaluated for up to two years at 19 investigational sites. In 329 patients completing six months of therapy, the mean supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) fell from 101 to 90 mmHg (P less than 0.01). Clinically significant individual SDBP decreases occurred in 74% of the patients by week 2, and these reductions were maintained in 72% at six months. Mean weight was reduced 1.4 lb (P less than 0.01), and mean supine pulse rate was decreased 5 beats/min (P less than 0.01). The most frequent effective doses were 8 and 16 mg BID (range, 2 to 32 mg BID). Principal side effects, usually mild, were sedation (31%), dry mouth (24%), dizziness (6%), and weakness (6%). Postural hypotension, impotence, and abrupt discontinuation symptoms were rare or absent. There were no clinically significant drug-related laboratory changes other than a 10 mg/100 ml mean serum cholesterol decrease. Two hundred twenty-two patients completed one year of therapy, and 80 completed two years, with little change in any parameters other than improvement in mean SDBP to 85 mmHg and in individual response rate to 84%. These results suggest that guanabenz is safe and effective for initial and sole therapy of hypertension.
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PMID:Long-term therapy of hypertension with guanabenz. 730 37

A 68-year-old female on two-year chronic hemodialysis for chronic renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis, was admitted to hospital for weakness, dulled sensorium and dizziness. On examination the patient was in a state of circulatory collapse, the electrocardiogram showed an accelerated idioventricular rhythm and laboratory analysis revealed extreme hyperkalemia (K+ 10.1 mmol/l). There were no common causes of shock, such as hypovolemia, sepsis, heart failure and presence of vasodilator drugs. The patient was treated with calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride (to oppose the effects of hyperkalemia on the cell membrane to minimize cardiac and neuromuscular toxicity), insulin and dextrose (to increase the transport of K+ from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment), and hemodialysis (to remove K+ from the body). At the end of the hemodialysis session, the patient was in a clinically good condition, blood pressure was 160/90 mm Hg and the serum K+ concentration was normal. The case appeared to suggest that extreme hyperkalemia may have direct effects on vascular resistance, causing hypotension and shock.
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PMID:A life-threatening complication of extreme hyperkalemia in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis. 748 41

This multicenter, open-label trial was designed to study the safety of intravenous (IV) sodium valproate in patients with epilepsy. All 318 patients (previously treated with antiepileptic drugs) were hospitalized for seizure control or anticipated seizures. The protocol allowed physicians to set the number of infusions and treatment duration. Adverse events, laboratory studies performed, and seizure activity were documented on case report forms. The patients' mean age was 34.4 years (range, 2-87 years). The most common reason for admission was lack of seizure control (235 patients, 185 of whom were admitted for video-electroencephalographic monitoring). The median dosage of valproate was 375 mg infused over 1 hour. The median number of doses was four, given over 2 days. In 54 patients (17%), transient adverse events were reported. The most frequent were headache, reaction at the injection site, and nausea (2.2% each); somnolence (1.9%); vomiting (1.6%); and dizziness and taste perversion (1.3% each). No persistent or severe hematologic or serum chemistry abnormalities were found. Vital signs were not significantly affected by the IV infusion of valproate. At the dosages and rates of administration studied, intravenous valproate appears to be safe and well tolerated.
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PMID:Safety of intravenous valproate. 757 66

Cancer patients selected for cisplatin-based chemotherapy were randomly divided into two groups (42 patients in each) which received either metoclopramide or ondansetron as antiemetics. Metoclopramide was given i.v. with 5 doses of 2 mg/kg starting 30 min before the cisplatin infusion and continued with one dose every 3 h. Ondansetron was given with a first injection of 8 mg i.v. 30 min before the cisplatin infusion; the patients were given 8 mg orally 5 and 10 h after the cisplatin infusion followed by 8 mg x 3 during the next two days. In the present study ondansetron was superior to metoclopramide concerning antiemetic efficacy and gave also less side-effects as diarrhea, dizziness, extrapyramidal symptoms and electrolyte imbalance (sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous) during the first 24 h following the cisplatin infusion.
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PMID:Ondansetron versus metoclopramide as antiemetic treatment during cisplatin-based chemotherapy. A prospective study with special regard to regard to electrolyte imbalance. 771 63


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