Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 64-year-old carpenter had an unsteady gait, severe dizziness, nocturia, and a loss of erection for more than 4 years. The neurological manifestations consisted of a wide-based ataxic gait, bilateral dysmetria with intentional tremor, staccato speech, rigidity, bradykinesia, and an iris-thinning. There was reproducible orthostatic hypotension. A sweat test revealed severe anhidrosis. Nicotine and methylbenzene sensitivity was absent, whereas norepinephrine infusion test showed a significant elevation of blood pressure. The resting plasma norepinephrine level on recumbency was low and a subnormal surge was noted on standing or exercise. We conclude that the clinical features caused by a degenerative process involving both the central and peripheral autonomic systems, together with atrophy of other systems in this patient, constitute the Shy-Drager syndrome.
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PMID:Abnormal cardiovascular responses to postural changes and pharmacologic agents in a case of Shy-Drager syndrome. 262 36

The potential role of nicotine in tobacco dependence was investigated using the strategies of abuse liability assessment. Eight male volunteer cigarette smokers with histories of drug abuse resided on a research ward for the duration of the study. Each subject was tested with three doses of i.v. nicotine (0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/10-sec infusion) and placebo each test day, and with three doses of inhaled nicotine, in the form of research cigarette smoke (0.4, 1.4 and 2.9 mg estimated yield) and placebo (sham-smoking), given on alternate test days. Each subject was tested on 4 days with both routes of administration, according to identical experimental protocols. Physiologic, subjective and observer data were collected at intervals ranging from 15 sec to 10 min beginning 10 min before drug administration and continuing for 30 min after administration. Both i.v. and inhaled nicotine produced dose-related increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and i.v. nicotine produced a transient bradycardia in four subjects during the first 30 sec after drug administration. Skin temperature was decreased by nicotine and pupil diameter was not consistently changed. Ratings of drug dose "strength" and drug "liking" were directly related to dose level whereas "desire to smoke cigarettes" was inversely related. Scores on the Morphine-Benzedrine Group (or Euphoria) scale of the Addiction Research Center Inventory were elevated by nicotine, and i.v. doses were identified frequently as cocaine. Signs and symptoms were similar for nicotine across the two routes of administration and included coughing, dizziness, nausea and relaxed feelings. Nicotine shared the pharmacologic profile of prototypic drugs of abuse. The study supports the hypothesis that the role of nicotine in tobacco dependence is equivalent to the role of other psychoactive drugs in substance abuse, e.g., to the role of cocaine in coca leaf use.
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PMID:Abuse liability and pharmacodynamic characteristics of intravenous and inhaled nicotine. 400 94

Nicotine chewing gum (Nicorette 4 mg) and an identical placebo gum were administered on different days, in a double-blind cross over fashion, to 4 men, aged 25-52 years, and 4 women, aged 21-49 years, all healthy non-smokers. The subjects chewed the gum for 30 min and heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, finger tip temperature, calf and hand blood flow and whole blood nicotine levels were measured for 240 min in the supine position, under indirect body heating. 72% -96% of the nicotine was absorbed. Only heart rate showed a significant increase (10%-12%) during the study as compared to placebo. The mean peak nicotine level was 6.5 ng/ml, which occurred at 15-60 min and roughly coincided with the peak heart rate, and then levelled off to around 3 ng/l at 120-240 min. All subjects complained of nausea, dizziness or anxiety to varying degrees. It is concluded that if healthy non-smokers chew Nicorette gum 4 mg by mistake, they would probably suffer more from generally unpleasant symptoms than from any cardiovascular upset.
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PMID:Cardiovascular effect of nicotine chewing gum in healthy non-smokers. 717

Nicotine is the primary psychoactive constituent of tobacco smoke, but it is not clear whether the reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking can be attributed solely to nicotine intake. In this study, two groups of male and female smokers participated in three sessions involving intermittent exposure to moderate low, or no nicotine doses via controlled tobacco smoking ("smoke," n = 20) or measured-dose nasal spray ("spray," n = 16). Visual analog scales of subjective effects (VAS) and heart rate (HR) were obtained within 5 min of each dosing. Plasma nicotine levels indicated comparable dosing between methods. For both methods, there were significant nicotine dose effects for most subjective measures and HR. More importantly, the pattern of effects across doses was virtually identical between methods, as nicotine intake via smoking or spray significantly increased HR and the VAS scales of Head Rush and Dizzy, decreased Hunger and Desire to Smoke, and had no effect on Comfortable, Jittery, or Relaxed. These results suggest that rapid nicotine uptake by novel methods may provide effects very similar to nicotine intake by smoking.
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PMID:Comparison of acute subjective and heart rate effects of nicotine intake via tobacco smoking versus nasal spray. 814 20

This study compared the effect of subcutaneous nicotine injections (2 x 0.3 mg and 2 x 0.6 mg) with saline on subjective and physiological measures in 18 never-smokers and 18 smokers (24-h nicotine deprived), under conditions of rest and cognitive testing. Prior to the injections the mood of the smokers had deteriorated to a level significantly below that of the never-smokers as a result of tobacco withdrawal. Cognitive tests caused reductions in calmness and increased alertness but there was no evidence of nicotine improving mood in either group under either condition. The 0.6 mg dose worsened mood in never-smokers and caused unpleasant symptoms (e.g. dizziness and arm pain) in both groups. Compared with smokers, never-smokers experienced stronger symptoms of nicotine toxicity and a greater reduction in alertness in response to the 0.6 mg dose, suggesting chronic tolerance to some nicotine effects in smokers. Nicotine produced similar increases in heart rate and decreases in finger pulse volume in both groups. Our results imply that if nicotine has a mood enhancing effect it occurs only after tolerance has been acquired to its primary adverse effects, and that its ability to reverse the mood deterioration caused by tobacco withdrawal is susceptible to situational factors such as our experimental conditions.
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PMID:Mood and physiological effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. 908 82

Nicotine, a rapid-acting poison, is present in environmental tobacco smoke and has been used as a greenhouse insecticide. Due to its toxicity, several health hazard evaluations (HHE) have resulted from potential nicotine exposures to casino workers, airline flight attendants, and greenhouse employees. Exposure to nicotine can occur by inhalation, skin adsorption, and ingestion, resulting in such adverse health effects as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, tachycardia, hypertension, convulsions, and cardiac arrhythmia. The development of an improved sampling and analytical methodology for nicotine was required to accommodate the broad concentration of nicotine levels and varying sampling scenarios presented by the differing HHE requests. A XAD-4 sorbent tube was selected for the collection of airborne nicotine. Analytical methodology for the separation, identification, and quantitation of nicotine by both gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-nitrogen/ phosphorous detection is described. The limit of detection for nicotine was 0.013 microg/sample. The desorption efficiency for nicotine was determined over the range of study and ranged from 90.9% (0.096 microg) to 93.7% (24.0 microg). Nicotine exhibited storage stability for 30 days at 5 degrees C and for 14 days at ambient temperature. Based on the results of this research study, the new method for nicotine was published in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM 2551).
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PMID:Development of a versatile method for the detection of nicotine in air. 1176 27

We utilized cluster analysis to identify individual differences in response to the initial effects of smoking following overnight abstinence among 183 regular smokers. Participants smoked three cigarettes (1 mg nicotine, spaced 30 min apart) in standardized fashion and completed questionnaires about their subjective responses to each cigarette. Heart rate was monitored throughout the procedure. Participants were grouped into two clusters based on their reported subjective effects and heart rate changes to the first cigarette. Clusters differed in terms of greater increases in heart rate, reports of dizziness, sweating, unpleasantness, nausea, and buzzing sensations in one group compared to the other group. The smokers showing increased responses developed greater acute tolerance to the effects of smoking subsequent cigarettes on subjective negative effects and heart rate, and experienced greater negative affect after quitting. These results are partially consistent with a nicotine sensitivity interpretation or a tolerance model of the effects of initial smoking.
Nicotine Tob Res 2001 Feb
PMID:Individual differences in responses to the first cigarette following overnight abstinence in regular smokers. 1126 Aug 9

Sensations derived from initial exposure to nicotine are a potential indicator of an individual's vulnerability to nicotine. This study assessed whether sensations experienced during the first lifetime exposure to nicotine could predict current and established cigarette smoking. Data from 210 respondents who reported having ever tried cigarette smoking in Wuhan, China, were obtained for this study from 610 students in 10th grade at two schools. Subjects were participants in a multipurpose pilot survey for an adolescent smoking prevention trial. The survey was administered in a classroom setting using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Sensations reported were cigarette smell (59.2%), coughing (54.1%), dizziness (52.1%), nausea (42.5%), relaxation (19.1%), and pleasurable buzz/rush (9.0%). After controlling for confounders, multiple logistic regression analyses identified three sensations significantly associated with smoking: (a) Cigarette smell (OR for days smoked in the past 30 days=2.93, p<.05, OR for number of cigarettes smoked per day=2.69, p<.05, and OR for 100-cigarette smoking=5.40, p<.01), (b) pleasurable buzz/rush (OR for 100-cigarette smoking=11.09, p<.05), and (c) relaxation (OR for past 30-day smoking measures ranged from 3.69 to 4.48, p<.01, and OR for 100-cigarette smoking=4.12, p<.05). A dose-response relationship was observed between the sensations and cigarette smoking. Self-reported sensations from initial exposure to nicotine may be a useful indicator of an individual's vulnerability to nicotine. This information can be used for adolescent smoking prevention and cessation interventions.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Aug
PMID:Sensations from initial exposure to nicotine predicting adolescent smoking in China: a potential measure of vulnerability to nicotine. 1295 83

A sample of 372 adolescents completed annual surveys regarding their initial reactions to smoking (IRTS) and their current smoking status. Each annual survey asked participants if they had the following five reactions the first time they smoked a cigarette: coughing, or feeling dizzy, sick, high, or relaxed. Time 1 IRTS data were collected within 1 year of the reported initial smoking experience, and Time 2 IRTS data were collected 1 year later. Kappa values for two IRTS items, coughing (.45) and dizziness (.40), indicated modest but acceptable reliability across a 1-year period, but the remaining items showed poor reliability (all < or =.31). Logistic regression analyses indicated that no IRTS item significantly predicted regular (at least weekly) smoking 1 year later. However, when IRTS and smoking status were assessed concurrently (at Time 2), reports of feeling relaxed and not coughing during the initial episode were significantly correlated with regular smoking. Participants who progressed from experimental to regular smoking from Time 1 to Time 2 were more likely to report relaxation as an initial reaction to smoking at Time 2 after denying relaxation at Time 1.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Aug
PMID:The reliability and predictive value of adolescents' reports of initial reactions to smoking. 1295 93

Despite changes in smoking behavior, one-third of the Danish population continues to smoke. Many of these smokers are hospital employees. This 6-month, multicenter, parallel group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated treatment with bupropion hydrochloride sustained release (Zyban) compared with placebo as an aid to smoking cessation in health care workers. A total of 336 hospital employees who smoked at least 10 cigarettes daily were randomized (2:1) to 7 weeks of treatment with bupropion (n=222) or placebo (n=114). All participants were motivated to quit smoking and received behavioral counseling. Continuous smoking abstinence during weeks 4-7 was the primary endpoint, and long-term smoking abstinence was among the secondary endpoints. Of the original participants, 212 completed the 6-month trial. Continuous smoking abstinence at week 7 was achieved by 43% in the bupropion group and 18% in the placebo group, p<.001. After 26 weeks, 18% and 7%, respectively, were continuously abstinent, p=.008. Side-effects were frequent but simple and reversible in both groups, and generally consistent with the findings of previous studies. Dizziness, insomnia, and pruritus appeared more frequently in the bupropion group than in the placebo group. Bupropion was effective as an aid to smoking cessation in a broad group of hospital employees in Denmark.
Nicotine Tob Res 2004 Feb
PMID:A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-month trial of bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets as an aid to smoking cessation in hospital employees. 1498 88


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