Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A double-blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of high-dose dexamethasone (Protocol D) with a combination of dexamethasone, metoclopramide and diphenhydramine (Protocol DMD) in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. All entered patients had received no prior chemotherapy. During the study chemotherapy was administered on an inpatient basis. The majority of patients (94%) were treated with cytotoxic drugs of significant emetogenic activity and 40% of the study group received cis-platin-containing combinations. Of the 60 evaluable patients, complete antinausea and antivomiting effects of D were observed in 30 (50%) and 34 (57%), respectively and of DMD in 17 (28%) and 26 patients (43%) respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.09 and 0.24, respectively). Lack of significant difference between the two regimens was demonstrated irrespective of the administered cytotoxic drugs. The DMD protocol caused more adverse reactions than D. While 27 patients (45%) experienced no side effects from D, only 14 (24%) remained free of complications due to DMD (P = 0.001). Furthermore, DMD produced more sedation, insomnia, headache, diaphoresis, dizziness and diarrhoea than the D regimen. In addition it gave rise to more adverse effects on appetite and activity. Upon direct questioning, 37 patients (62%) expressed a preference for D, 14 (23%) preferred DMD and 9 (15%) found no difference between the two regimens. We conclude that, while the short DMD protocol has an antiemetic activity equivalent in its effectiveness to D, its associated adverse reactions would minimize its usefulness. Therefore, further investigations should be conducted to find a safer and more potent combination of antiemetics suitable for therapy in an outpatient setting.
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PMID:Antiemetic efficacy of high-dose dexamethasone: randomized, double-blind, crossover study with a combination of dexamethasone, metoclopramide and diphenhydramine. 328 2

Brotizolam is a new thienotriazolodiazepine derivative with a pharmacological profile similar to that of benzodiazepines. It is indicated for use as an hypnotic in the management of insomnia, although it also has anticonvulsant, antianxiety and muscle relaxant properties in animals. In clinical trials brotizolam 0.125 to 0.5mg improved sleep in insomniacs similarly to nitrazepam 2.5 and 5mg, flunitrazepam 2mg and triazolam 0.25mg, whilst brotizolam 0.5mg was shown to be superior to flurazepam 30mg in some studies. Brotizolam is an effective hypnotic for hospital patients awaiting surgery, in whom it also reduces anxiety. Brotizolam has an elimination half-life of about 5 hours, which is 'intermediate' compared with the shorter-acting hypnotic, triazolam, and longer-acting benzodiazepines. Consequently, it is able to induce sleep without producing early morning rebound insomnia, and can also maintain sleep throughout the night. Brotizolam at dosages below 0.5mg at night usually produced minimal morning drowsiness; no residual impairment of psychomotor performance occurs following dosages within the recommended range of 0.125 to 0.25 mg/kg. No serious side effects have been reported to date and the most frequently observed adverse experiences are drowsiness, headache and dizziness. Mild rebound insomnia may occur in some patients when treatment is stopped. Thus, brotizolam is a useful hypnotic which can be used in patients who have difficulty in falling asleep and also in patients who are troubled by night-time awakenings. Used in the recommended dosage it may be particularly useful for patients in whom daytime impairment of performance is unacceptable.
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PMID:Brotizolam. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy as an hypnotic. 328 19

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the authors found that fluoxetine, a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, was an effective antidepressant in moderately depressed, ambulatory outpatients. Typical adverse effects reported by patients treated with fluoxetine included agitation, nausea, fatigue, and insomnia. Compared to imipramine, fluoxetine was associated with fewer complaints of dry mouth, constipation, and dizziness.
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PMID:Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, for the treatment of outpatients with major depression. 328 84

It is estimated that there are approximately six million patient-years of clinical experience with fenofibrate among physicians outside of the United States. A review of the European literature and unpublished studies supplied by the manufacturer (Laboratoires Fournier, Dijon, France) has been compiled with the data recently reported from a double-blind, placebo-controlled study completed in the United States. In general, fenofibrate has been found to reduce serum triglyceride levels by 30 to 60 percent in patients with type II B and IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Serum cholesterol levels were also reduced by 20 to 25 percent in this group of hypertriglyceridemic patients. A similar reduction in serum cholesterol levels was also found in type II A patients (normal triglyceride levels). Low-density lipoprotein levels were usually reduced in those patients with elevated levels and high-density lipoprotein levels increased when baseline levels were low. Fenofibrate also produced a 10 to 28 percent reduction in uric acid that was sustained for years. The incidence of unwanted effects ranged from 2 to 15 percent in the open trials lasting from a few months up to six years. Gastrointestinal problems (abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and constipation) are most common, occurring in approximately 5 percent of patients. Reports including fatigue, headache, loss of libido, impotence, dizziness, and insomnia were grouped as neurologic and occurred with a total incidence of 3 to 4 percent. In about 1 percent of patients, muscle tenderness developed, often accompanied by elevated creatine phosphokinase levels. These and the gastrointestinal problems occurred with a similar frequency in the placebo-treated cohort in controlled studies. In approximately 2 percent of patients, a skin rash developed, an incidence that appears significantly higher than that of placebo control groups. Liver changes in rodents have included marked peroxisome proliferation and increased hepatic carcinomas with very high doses. In humans, only a small increase in incidence of elevated levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase seems to be present and is not clearly different from that of the control groups. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin levels are often decreased with no known undesirable effects. Investigations into the lithogenicity of bile indicated a significant increase in five studies. However, there has been no evidence of a significant rise in the incidence of cholelithiasis in the clinical trials completed to date.
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PMID:Comparative toxicity and safety profile of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives. 331 50

Clonidine was used as an adjunct to baclofen in 55 patients with spasticity due to spinal cord injury. Dosage was held at the minimum effect amount for those who responded. No effect was seen in 24 patients (44%), although 31 (56%) benefitted from the drug. Patients were grouped as quadriplegics or paraplegics, having complete or incomplete lesions. Of all quadriplegics, seven of 11 complete (64%) and 17 of 25 incomplete patients (68%) responded; among the paraplegics, six of 15 complete (40%) and one of four incomplete patients (25%) improved. Side effects were limited to postural hypotension necessitating reduction in dosage in three patients that were successfully treated; in the unsuccessfully treated group, one patient had insomnia, one had dizziness, and one had drowsiness.
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PMID:Clonidine effect on spasticity: a clinical trial. 334 19

A double-blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of high-dose dexamethasone and high-dose metoclopramide in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. All entered patients had no prior chemotherapy and all received inpatient emetogenic chemotherapy mainly without cisplatin. Of the 40 evaluable patients, 23 (58%) had no vomiting with dexamethasone compared with only 11 (28%) receiving metoclopramide (P less than 0.025). Dexamethasone was found to have less adverse effect than metoclopramide on patient's appetite and activity (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.01, respectively). Twenty-one patients (53%) developed mild to severe somnolence with metoclopramide compared to only seven (18%) who experienced this adverse effect with dexamethasone (P less than 0.01). Six patients (15%) developed extrapyramidal manifestations with metoclopramide, but none with dexamethasone. Furthermore, during dexamethasone therapy, patients developed less diaphoresis, insomnia, headache and dizziness. Upon questioning patients about their preference to future use of the antiemetic drug therapy, 28 patients (70%) preferred dexamethasone, two (5%) preferred metoclopramide and 10 (25%) found no difference. We conclude that high-dose dexamethasone has a greater antiemetic activity and is more safe than high-dose metoclopramide in patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy mainly without cisplatin.
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PMID:Antiemetic efficacy of high-dose dexamethasone: randomized, double-blind, crossover study with high-dose metoclopramide in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. 351 33

Ninety-one insomniacs completed a four-week study of the efficacy and safety of zopiclone (Z), 7.5 mg. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups, each of which received placebo (P) during one week of the study. Forty-six subjects received medication in the sequence of ZPZZ, and 45 received it in the sequence of ZZPZ. Twice each week, patients filled out presleep and postsleep questionnaires and reported their morning complaints. Compared with placebo, zopiclone produced statistically significant improvements (P less than 0.05) in sleep induction time, duration of sleep, number of awakenings per night, quality and soundness of sleep, morning state of rest, and daytime sleepiness. Headache, dizziness, nausea, and bitter taste were the predominant complaints. Zopiclone can be considered an efficient and safe hypnotic for chronic insomnia.
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PMID:Zopiclone: a new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used in general practice. 352 57

Alprazolam treatment was tapered in 17 panic patients at a rate of 10% of the starting dose every 3 days. Only four subjects completed withdrawal on schedule (4-5 weeks); four additional subjects discontinued treatment in 7-13 weeks. During withdrawal 15 patients had recurrent or increased panic attacks and nine had significant new withdrawal symptoms. Most common among the latter were malaise, weakness, insomnia, tachycardia, lightheadedness, and dizziness. None had seizures, psychosis, or significant neurological or EEG abnormalities. Results indicate that relapse and withdrawal are important considerations in the choice of alprazolam treatment for panic attacks.
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PMID:Discontinuation of alprazolam treatment in panic patients. 382 28

Sixty out-patients with different nosological types of depression were assigned at random to three different treatment groups and were treated under double-blind conditions for 6 weeks. Two groups received diclofensine in capsules of either 15 or 25 mg, and a third group received capsules with imipramine 25 mg. The dosage schedule provided an initial dose of 2 capsules/day which was to be gradually increased up to a maximum dose of 9 capsules/day. The daily mean dosages actually given over the entire trial period were 64.0 mg diclofensine for group I, 97.6 mg diclofensine for group II, and 102.9 mg imipramine for group III. All treatment groups showed a good improvement of the patients' clinical states within the 6-week period, but the imipramine-treated patients improved more slowly than the diclofensine-treated patients. This was demonstrated by the mean total scores of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Evaluation of different factors of the HDRS yielded differences between the two drugs in favour of diclofensine for the factor 'inhibition' from the end of week 1 until the end of week 3 and for the factor 'somatic complaints' during week 3. Side effects were - dose dependently - less frequent, less severe, and lasted shorter in the diclofensine-treated patients than in the imipramine-treated ones. The most frequently reported side effects in the diclofensine-treated patients were dry mouth, insomnia, dizziness, and agitation. In the imipramine group side effects were mainly dry mouth, tremor, dizziness, and sleepiness. In conclusion, this study shows an impressively faster onset of efficacy of diclofensine over imipramine, a finding which should be replicated by further studies.
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PMID:Diclofensine and imipramine. A double-blind comparative trial in depressive out-patients. 391 58

This paper presents results from a study which examined the occurrence and time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms in a group of 33 smokers followed over a 21 day period of abstinence. Smoking withdrawal symptoms examined included: irritability, feeling sleepy, sleeplessness, dizziness, coughing, tightness in the chest, constipation, mouth sores, and cravings for a cigarette. Findings showed a fairly consistent pattern of reduction across days of abstinence for six of the nine symptoms examined--irritability, feeling sleepy, dizziness, coughing, tightness in the chest, and cravings. Most symptoms decreased sharply during the first few days of cessation followed by a continued, but slower rate of decline in the second and third week of abstinence. Heavy smokers tended to report more withdrawal symptoms than light smokers, although the difference between heavy and light smokers was statistically significant only with respect to irritability. The implications of these findings for relapse prevention are discussed.
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PMID:Reports of smoking withdrawal symptoms over a 21 day period of abstinence. 409 Oct 70


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