Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy and safety of oral sumatriptan as a 100-mg dispersible tablet was compared with oral Cafergot (2 mg ergotamine tartrate, 200 mg caffeine) in a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial. In the trial, 580 patients were treated from 47 investigating centres in nine European countries. Sumatriptan was significantly more effective than Cafergot at reducing the intensity of headache from severe or moderate to mild or none; 66% (145/220) of those treated with sumatriptan improved in this way by 2 h, compared with 48% (118/246) of those treated with Cafergot (p less than 0.001). The onset of headache resolution was more rapid with sumatriptan, whereas recurrence of migraine headache within 48 h was lower with Cafergot. Sumatriptan was also significantly more effective at reducing the incidence of nausea (p less than 0.001), vomiting (p less than 0.01) and photophobia/phonophobia (p less than 0.001) 2 h after treatment, and fewer patients on sumatriptan (24%) than on Cafergot (44%, p less than 0.001) required other medication after 2 h. The overall incidence of patients reporting adverse events was 45% after sumatriptan and 39% after Cafergot; the difference was not significant. The most commonly reported events in the sumatriptan-treated patients were malaise or fatigue and bad taste; these were generally mild and transient. Nausea and/or vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and dizziness or vertigo were reported by a greater proportion of Cafergot-treated patients. It is concluded that oral sumatriptan was well tolerated and is a more effective acute treatment for migraine than Cafergot.
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PMID:A randomized, double-blind comparison of sumatriptan and Cafergot in the acute treatment of migraine. The Multinational Oral Sumatriptan and Cafergot Comparative Study Group. 165 39

The Norplant System consists of 6 capsules each containing 36 mg of crystal line levonorgestrel (LNG), for a total dose of 216 mg LNG. The capsules are inserted subdermally in the mid-upper arm, and LNG diffuses continuously through the capsule walls for 5 years. In the United States the Norplant System was approved in December 1990. The initial rate of hormone delivery is about 85 mcg/day, then decreases over the next 9 months to 5 mcg/day, and over the ensuing 9 months to 35 mcg/day. Thereafter, the diffusion rate levels off for the next 3.5 years, averaging around 30-35 mcg/day. Removal results in a drop in the plasma concentration of levonorgestrel to below contraceptive levels within 24 hours and below the detectable limit of .1 pg/ml at 96 hours. Preliminarily data from 402 users over 5 years show improvements of Norplant produced better efficacy in all weight classes and a lowered cumulative rate of 1.1 pregnancies of 100 users. The pregnancy rate for the first year of use is 02., better than for oral contraceptives. Side effects include headache, nervousness, nausea, dizziness, dermatitis, acne, change of appetite, breast tenderness, minimal weight gain, some change in hair distribution, and adnexal enlargement. Adverse reactions include breast discharge, possible cervicitis, musculoskeletal pain, abdominal discomfort, leukorrhea, and vaginitis. More than the usual number of bleeding days occurred in slightly more than one fourth of the patients, prolonged bleeding in 27.6% spotting in 17.1% and amenorrhea in 9.4% of patients. Hyperlipidemic users should be observed for possible low-density lipoprotein elevations. The cumulative discontinuation rate for pregnancy was 3.9 per 100 users; for bleeding irregularities the rate was 25.1 per 100 users, and for other medical results it was about 22.4 per 100 users. Personal reasons for discontinuation accounted for 38.7 per 100 users, equivalent to a cumulative continuation rate of about 30 per 100 users over the 5-year duration.
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PMID:The NORPLANT system of contraception. 168 4

The efficacy of the antischistosomal drugs praziquantel and oxamniquine was tested on four groups of Ethiopian sugar estate workers. The cure rates, determined by the absence of eggs in stools, were 96, 93 and 74% at one, three and six months post-treatment for patients receiving a single dose (40 mg kg-1 body weight) of praziquantel, and 82, 78 and 78% for patients on a single dose (15 mg kg-1 body weight) of oxamniquine. When split doses of these drugs were used, praziquantel achieved cure rates of 96, 95 and 89%, while the corresponding cure rates for oxamniquine were 98, 96 and 88% at one, three and six months post-treatment. In general, there were no statistically significant differences within the single and split doses of each drug, nor between the two drugs except that single doses of praziquantel had significantly higher cure rates than oxamniquine at one and three months post-treatment. Although both drugs produced mild and transient side-effects such as dizziness, abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea, serious side-effects such as seizures were seen only among patients on oxamniquine. As praziquantel is also effective against other forms of schistosomiasis as well as against cestodes, we recommended the use of this drug in mass chemotherapy and in the ambulatory treatment of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia.
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PMID:Comparison between the efficacy of oxamniquine and praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections on a sugar estate in Ethiopia. 314 Jul 48

A total of 89 adult male Thai patients who had acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria were treated in a double-blind randomized trial with a single oral dose of two or three tablets, each consisting of 250 mg mefloquine, 500 mg sulfadoxine, and 25 mg pyrimethamine (MSP). The two-tablet regimen produced a cure rate (S response) of 93%, the three-tablet regimen a cure rate of 98%. The mean duration of parasitaemia for the two- and three-tablet groups was 50 and 29 hours, respectively, while the mean duration of fever was 43 and 40 hours, respectively. Differences between the groups were not statistically significant. Tolerance was good at both dose levels. The main side-effects were abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and diarrhoea, but these were mild, transient, and required no specific treatment. The results of haematological and biochemical investigations and of urinalysis revealed no drug-related changes following administration of MSP. The electrocardiograms of some patients revealed sinus bradycardia or sinus arrythmia, but these conditions were transient, symptomless, and clinically not significant.
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PMID:Mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine in the treatment of symptomatic falciparum malaria: a double-blind trial for determining the most effective dose. 331 39

It is estimated that there are approximately six million patient-years of clinical experience with fenofibrate among physicians outside of the United States. A review of the European literature and unpublished studies supplied by the manufacturer (Laboratoires Fournier, Dijon, France) has been compiled with the data recently reported from a double-blind, placebo-controlled study completed in the United States. In general, fenofibrate has been found to reduce serum triglyceride levels by 30 to 60 percent in patients with type II B and IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Serum cholesterol levels were also reduced by 20 to 25 percent in this group of hypertriglyceridemic patients. A similar reduction in serum cholesterol levels was also found in type II A patients (normal triglyceride levels). Low-density lipoprotein levels were usually reduced in those patients with elevated levels and high-density lipoprotein levels increased when baseline levels were low. Fenofibrate also produced a 10 to 28 percent reduction in uric acid that was sustained for years. The incidence of unwanted effects ranged from 2 to 15 percent in the open trials lasting from a few months up to six years. Gastrointestinal problems (abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and constipation) are most common, occurring in approximately 5 percent of patients. Reports including fatigue, headache, loss of libido, impotence, dizziness, and insomnia were grouped as neurologic and occurred with a total incidence of 3 to 4 percent. In about 1 percent of patients, muscle tenderness developed, often accompanied by elevated creatine phosphokinase levels. These and the gastrointestinal problems occurred with a similar frequency in the placebo-treated cohort in controlled studies. In approximately 2 percent of patients, a skin rash developed, an incidence that appears significantly higher than that of placebo control groups. Liver changes in rodents have included marked peroxisome proliferation and increased hepatic carcinomas with very high doses. In humans, only a small increase in incidence of elevated levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase seems to be present and is not clearly different from that of the control groups. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin levels are often decreased with no known undesirable effects. Investigations into the lithogenicity of bile indicated a significant increase in five studies. However, there has been no evidence of a significant rise in the incidence of cholelithiasis in the clinical trials completed to date.
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PMID:Comparative toxicity and safety profile of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives. 331 50

This review summarizes adverse reactions probably or possibly attributable to oral ciprofloxacin therapy in worldwide clinical experience involving over 6500 patients. In Europe and Japan the overall incidence of adverse reactions amongst patients receiving ciprofloxacin is reported to be 3.0% and 6.5%, respectively. An increased incidence (13.4%) has been reported from the U.S.A., possibly relating to the use of higher dosages. Very few reactions have necessitated withdrawal of treatment. The most common adverse effects involve the gastro-intestinal system (2-8% of patients treated) and usually comprise nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort. CNS effects are seen in 1-4% of patients but are usually minor dizziness or mild headache only. Hypersensitivity reactions, most commonly skin rashes or pruritus, affect about 1% of patients. There is little evidence of significant haematological or biochemical toxicity, other than a few reports of transient neutropenia and the finding, in a minority of clinical studies, of equally transient, usually trivial and invariably reversible elevations of serum aminotransferases. Serious, ciprofloxacin-related toxicity has been observed in only three patients: one who developed pseudomembranous colitis, another who developed interstitial nephritis and a third who had a grand-mal convulsion during concomitant administration of theophylline. Ciprofloxacin appears to have an excellent safety profile.
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PMID:Ciprofloxacin: an overview of adverse experiences. 354 45

A clinical field trial of praziquantel was carried out in Nong Ranya Village, Amphoe Ban Phai, Khon Kaen Province, with a population of 309 individuals, and 94% prevalence rate of opisthorchiasis. A mass treatment was carried out using a single dose of praziquantel at 40 mg per kg body weight. Acceptance for treatment was 91%. Follow-up stool examinations performed on days 14 and 60 gave prevalence rates of 20.5% and 22.2% respectively. Side effects including dizziness, headache, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, lassitude, arthralgia, sleepiness, cramps and hot sensation were the complaints from 80% of adults and 40% of children. All of these were mild and transient except in one adult female who had severe diarrhoea and required intravenous fluid infusion.
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PMID:Clinical field trial of praziquantel in opisthorchiasis in Nong Rangya Village, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. 373 9

Fansimef is a combination of 250 mg of mefloquine, 500 mg of sulfadoxine, and 25 mg of pyrimethamine per tablet. A total of 150 adult male Zambian patients who had symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia were treated in a double-blind randomized fashion with either one, two or three tablets of Fansimef. All patients in the three treatment groups showed an S-type response. The rates of clearance of parasitaemia and fever were similar in all treatment groups. Tolerance was good at all dose levels. The main side-effects were abdominal discomfort, weakness and lassitude, dizziness, and pruritus, but these were mild, transient and required no specific treatment. Vomiting occurred only in 4% of patients given the highest dose of three tablets. The results of various haematological and biochemical investigations and urinalysis were not adversely altered by the administration of Fansimef.
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PMID:A double-blind clinical trial of a combination of mefloquine, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in symptomatic falciparum malaria. 389 78

Eight-five of 816 (10.7%) students attending a primary school in Central Thailand were examined and found infected with Fasciolopsis buski. All of students ate fresh water lily stems and most ate other fresh water plants including caltrop, water cress and morning glory. The 85 students were given praziquantel in randomized single doses of 15, 25 or 40 mg/kg body weight. Side effects were mild and transient and consisted of headache, dizziness, nausea, sleepiness, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, diarrhea, epigastric pain, vomiting and lassitude. Those receiving the highest dosages had more side effects than students in the other 2 groups. Large blisters were observed on the tegument of F. buski passed in feces and this was believed to be caused by the drug. The authors recommend a single dose of praziquantel in a dosage of 15 mg/kg of body weight for the treatment of parasitosis.
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PMID:Field trial on the treatment of fasciolopsiasis with praziquantel. 663 61

Drugs that are largely restricted to the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) for their therapeutic efficacy and that are not substantially absorbed into the body are usually inadequately studied in terms of systemic bioavailability. The possibility of systemic effects requires that bioavailabilities be studied to ensure against enhanced toxicity resulting from formulation differences. Pyrantel pamoate falls into this category. High-performance liquid chromatography was employed in this study to determine plasma levels of pyrantel in nine healthy human subjects after administration of tablet and suspension dosage forms. Mean peak plasma concentrations of 37.56 +/- 9.37, 35.89 +/- 8.94, and 36.22 +/- 10.10 ng mL-1 were obtained following administration of 750 mg pyrantel pamoate in three different formulations. The mean tmax values were 2.02 +/- 0.12, 2.05 +/- 0.356, and 2.05 +/- 0.339 h respectively for the above dosage forms; the respective AUC0-9 values were 81.01 +/- 12.97, 94.59 +/- 17.18, and 101.47 +/- 19.59 h ng mL-1. There was no statistically significant difference between the bioavailabilities of the dosage forms tested. Large inter-subject variations were observed. One subject experienced abdominal discomfort and one experienced dizziness. It was not possible to clearly correlate individual variations in absorption with the observed adverse effect because the number of incidents was low (two out of 27 treatments).
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PMID:Bioequivalence of pyrantel pamoate dosage forms in healthy human subjects. 799 90


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