Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metabolic effects of the anti-fungal drug fluconazole were investigated in 18 women, 10 of whom were taking oral contraceptives, to examine whether this steroid antagonist has any effects primarily on hormone systems. The women, aged 29-40, took 50 mg fluconazole orally from Day 1 of their menstrual cycle for 21-28 days. Subjects kept a symptom diary, were tested weekly for hematological and liver function, and were checked for compliance by analyzing blood for drug by GLC. 5 women reported side effects: somnolence, dizziness, fatigue, increased appetite, headache (1) and nausea (1). No effects on liver function or menses were noted. The only significant findings were increases in serum thyroxine and testosterone in fluconazole-only subjects, and increases in insulin and apo-lipoprotein B in fluconazole-oral contraceptive subjects. Pills containing levonorgestrel were used by 9 women, desogestrel by 1. No significant differences were seen in estradiol, progesterone, sex-hormone-binding globulin, thyroid function, cortisol, glucose, C-peptide, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins. Thus it is unlikely that the short-term use of fluconazole for treatment of superficial mycoses, such as vulvovaginal candidiasis, will adversely affect steroid metabolism in women.
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PMID:Metabolic effects of low-dose fluconazole in healthy female users and non-users of oral contraceptives. 254 10

Twenty Nigerians with labile essential hypertension (LEH) were asked to record their blood pressure and pulse rate for 14-16 hours using the Remler Portable Ambulatory Blood Pressure Recorder while exposing themselves to the stress of Lagos traffic. The average blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and pulse rate for the test day (ASBP, ADBP and APR) were determined in a cross-over randomised open design before (C), after one week on placebo bidaily (P1), after one week on bromazepam 1.5 mg bidaily (B), after one week on placebo bidaily (P2) and after one week on labetalol 100 mg bidaily (L). Allocation to the active drugs was randomised. All drugs were administered at 8.00a.m. and 8.00p.m. respectively. The maximum blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and pulse rate MxSBP, MxDBP and MxPR were similarly determined. Both B and L significantly reduced ASBP, ADBP, APR, MxSBP, MxDBP and MxPR but L produced a much greater reduction in the above parameters than B. Side effects observed included drowsiness with B (two subjects) and postural dizziness with L (one subject). Both drugs were effective in controlling LEH but L was more effective than B in reducing stress hypertension.
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PMID:Comparative effects of labetalol and bromazepam on ambulatory blood pressure of Nigerians with labile and stress hypertension. 256 2

The three best-described genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolism--the debrisoquin/sparteine type of oxidative polymorphism (hereafter referred to as the debrisoquin polymorphism), the polymorphism of N-acetylation, and the mephenytoin type of oxidative polymorphism--are reviewed. For all three polymorphisms, the poor-metabolizer phenotype is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The debrisoquin and mephenytoin oxidative polymorphisms involve defects in two separate cytochrome P450 enzymes. The prevalence of the poor-metabolizer phenotype for debrisoquin ranges between 2% and 10% for groups of various ethnic origins. The poor-metabolizer phenotype for mephenytoin comprises about 5% of the Caucasian population and about 20% of the Japanese population. N-acetyltransferase is a cytosolic enzyme whose clinical polymorphism was discovered using isoniazid as the substrate probe. The prevalence of the slow-acetylator phenotype among American and European Caucasian and American black groups is about 50%; among the Japanese it is about 10%. More than 20 agents are substrates for debrisoquin hydroxylase, about 15 for N-acetyltransferase, and 3-5 for mephenytoin. In poor metabolizers, debrisoquin can cause hypotension, and sparteine can cause blurred vision, headache, and dizziness. Clinical consequences of the slow-acetylator phenotype include increased susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus induced by procainamide and hydralazine, peripheral neuropathy induced by isoniazid, hydralazine, and dapsone, and sulfasalazine-induced dose-related leukopenia, nausea, vomiting, headache, and vertigo. After administration of mephenytoin, poor metabolizers have increased somnolence and intellectual impairment. Awareness of genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolism should improve understanding of interindividual variability in drug disposition and response.
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PMID:Polymorphic drug metabolism. 268 60

1. A phase I study of buspirone was conducted in 7 healthy male volunteers. 2. Diazepam was selected as the control drug and administered in equipotent doses to buspirone. Dosage was initiated at 2.5mg and doubled until a maximum dosage of 20mg was attained. Subsequently, 10mg was administered once a day for three consecutive days. 3. Clinico-pharmacologically both drugs produced sleepiness/drowsiness, but dizziness, light-headed feeling and feeling of drunkenness were marked only in the diazepam group. 4. No drug-related abnormalities were observed in clinical laboratory test values, endocrinological tests and ECG. 5. On the Uchida-Kraepelin test, no change with the control values was observed under buspirone but subjects administered diazepam exhibited marked deterioration during the latter half of the test. Moreover, in the tapping test, significant impairment was observed in the diazepam group whereas buspirone had no effect. 6. On the EEG some fast waves were observed with diazepam whereas buspirone exhibited slow waves.
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PMID:Phase I study of a new antianxiety drug, buspirone. 274 57

In an attempt to define the activity and toxicity of low-dose aminoglutethimide plus steroid replacement in advanced breast cancer, we treated 40 patients with aminoglutethimide 500 mg/day + hydrocortisone 50 mg/day. Previous treatment consisted of additive hormones in 29 patients, oophorectomy in 8, and chemotherapy in 32. Among the 37 patients evaluable for response and toxicity, 5 objective responses (16.2%) and 20 stable diseases (54%) were noted. Toxicity, absent in 23 patients (62.1%) and mild in 14, consisted mainly of Grade I (WHO) nausea, drowsiness, cutaneous rash, and dizziness. Responders and patients with stable disease experienced a similar survival (median not reached at 22 months). Aminoglutethimide at low doses appears to be beneficial in patients refractory to conventional therapies even if the objective response rate is low.
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PMID:Low-dose aminoglutethimide plus steroid replacement in advanced breast cancer patients resistant to conventional therapies. 279 May 34

Nabilone is a new orally active cannabinoid for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal toxicity associated with cancer chemotherapy. The pharmacological profile of nabilone suggests that it acts primarily by preventing emesis controlled by the medulla oblongata, although its secondary mild anxiolytic activity may contribute to the overall efficacy. Nabilone 2mg twice daily starting 12 hours prior to, and continued for the duration of, chemotherapy produces significant reduction in the severity and duration of nausea and the frequency of vomiting in about 50 to 70% of patients with severe symptoms refractory to conventional therapy. Nabilone has proven to be more effective in controlling symptoms and preferred by more patients than prochlorperazine 10mg 2 to 4 times daily in a limited number of studies, despite a higher incidence of side effects. Comparative trials against other new antiemetic agents, such as high dose metoclopramide, and use of nabilone in combination with other antiemetics remain to be undertaken. The incidence of side effects is high with nabilone; drowsiness, dizziness and/or vertigo occur in 60 to 70% of patients, but rarely lead to drug withdrawal, although more troublesome effects, such as postural hypotension, ataxia, vision disturbance and toxic psychoses, may cause discontinuation of therapy. Thus, nabilone offers an effective alternative to the treatment options available in a difficult therapeutic area - those patients with severe gastrointestinal side effects from cancer chemotherapy who are refractory to conventional therapy.
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PMID:Nabilone. A preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. 286 27

From July 1980 to June 1983, 61 postmenopausal women with progressive metastatic breast cancer were treated with aminoglutethimide, 250 mg 4 times daily, plus cortisone acetate, 25 mg twice daily. Of 51 evaluable patients, an objective remission was observed in 22 (43%) (partial remission in 19, complete in 3), stable disease in 14 (27%), and progressive disease in 15 (30%). The median duration of response was 60 weeks (range 12+; 94+). The response rate was higher when the dominant disease site was soft tissue (50%) or bone (56%) rather than viscera (29%). Side effects were common but usually slight and transient. Somnolence (69%), dizziness (41%), nausea (35%) and skin rash (27%) were the most frequent. Serum levels of gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase and total cholesterol rose during aminoglutethimide treatment, whereas levels of uric acid and indirect bilirubin decreased. Aminoglutethimide plus cortisone acetate appears to be an active and relatively safe treatment in advanced breast cancer and may be recommended as second-line endocrine treatment.
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PMID:Aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer. 286 33

In 984 patients with generalized anxiety disorder who received buspirone in double-blind studies, the incidence of drowsiness (9 percent) did not differ significantly from that (10 percent) reported in 334 patients who received placebo. A probability value of p less than or equal to 0.10 was the criterion for significance. The incidence of drowsiness in buspirone-treated patients was significantly less than that in each of the groups receiving diazepam (32 percent), clorazepate (26 percent), lorazepam (58 percent), or alprazolam (43 percent). The side effects that did occur significantly more frequently in the buspirone group than in the placebo group were dizziness (9 percent versus 2 percent), headache (7 percent versus 2 percent), nervousness (4 percent versus 1 percent), light-headedness (4 percent versus less than 1 percent), diarrhea (3 percent versus less than 1 percent), paresthesia (2 percent versus less than 1 percent), excitation (2 percent versus less than 1 percent), and sweating/clamminess (1 percent versus 0 percent). The severities of these effects were predominantly rated as only mild or moderate. Fatigue occurred less frequently in buspirone-treated patients than in those receiving any of the benzodiazepines, and weakness occurred more frequently in diazepam-treated patients. Depression occurred less frequently in buspirone-treated patients than in those receiving clorazepate, diazepam, or lorazepam. Impotence occurred only in clorazepate- and lorazepam-treated patients. Decreased libido occurred more frequently in diazepam-treated patients, whereas increased libido was more frequent in clorazepate-treated patients. Nausea was reported more frequently in buspirone-treated patients than in those receiving clorazepate, diazepam, or alprazolam; diarrhea occurred more frequently in the buspirone group than in the diazepam group. The mean daily doses of the various treatments were buspirone, 20 mg; diazepam, 20 mg; clorazepate, 24 mg; lorazepam, 3 mg; and alprazolam, 1.5 mg. In an open-field study in West Germany involving 5,414 patients, gastrointestinal-related complaints were the most frequently reported side effects.
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PMID:Review of the side-effect profile of buspirone. 287 Jun 41

The so-called Oriental flushing reaction associated with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol was antagonized by combined antihistamine administration. In stage one of the study, the flushing reaction to low doses of alcohol was produced in Orientals. Most subjects experienced a cutaneous flush, increase in skin temperature, decrease in blood pressure, increase in pulse rate and subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized weakness and nausea. One half of the group of subjects was then given diphenhydramine, 50 mg (H1 receptor antagonist) and cimetidine, 300 mg (H2 receptor antagonist) and the second half received placebo tablets before the administration of alcohol. The clearest difference between the antihistamine group and placebo group was in the skin flushing reaction. The antihistamine group showed a statistically significant reduction in the skin flush. The antihistamines also neutralized the systolic hypotension induced by the administration of alcohol.
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PMID:Combined antihistamine antagonism of the flushing reaction to alcohol. 289 99

The antiemetic efficacy of im levonantradol, a synthetic cannabinoid, given at a dose of 1 mg every 4 hours, was compared to oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) given at a dose of 15 mg every 4 hours in a double-blind crossover study. Twenty-six patients receiving emetogenic cancer chemotherapy were evaluated. For each drug, 28% of treated patients had no nausea. The median number of emetic episodes with levonantradol was 2.0 versus 3.0 for THC (P = 0.06). Side effects occurred in 91.7% and 97.3% of levonantradol and THC patients, respectively, with drowsiness and dizziness most commonly seen. Side effects were generally well-tolerated, with only 13.9% of levonantradol and 21.6% of THC patients discontinuing treatment because of side effects. Levonantradol appears to be at least as effective an antiemetic as THC and is the only cannabinoid available for parenteral use.
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PMID:Antiemetic efficacy of levonantradol compared to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. 298 16


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