Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a study of 133 anaemic and 111 non-anaemic hospital patients pallor of recent onset was the only symptom which was significantly associated with the severity of the anaemia. Dizziness in acute blood loss anaemia, and anorexia and painful tongue in vitamin-B(12) deficiency, were the only symptoms which might be helpful in diagnosing the type of anaemia. The frequency of glossitis in patients with megaloblastosis was confirmed, but neither glossitis nor nail changes were significantly more common in patients with iron-deficiency anaemia than in the control patients.
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PMID:Evaluation of diagnostic significance of certain symptoms and physical signs in anaemic patients. 525 52

In 1977 and 1978 selected in-patients at the Tegalyoso Hospital, Klaten, Indonesia who had recent onsets of acute fever were serologically studied for evidence for alphavirus and flavivirus infections. A brief clinical history was taken and a check list of signs and symptoms was completed on admission. Acute and convalescent phase sera from 30 patients who showed evidence that a flavivirus had caused their illnesses were tested for neutralizing antibodies to several flaviviruses which occur in South-east Asia. Paired sera from seven patients demonstrated a fourfold rise in antibody titre from acute to convalescent phase. The most common clinical manifestations observed in this series of patients included high fever, malaise, stomach ache, dizziness and anorexia. None of the seven patients had headache or rash despite the fact that headache and rash had been associated with two of the three previously studied. The onsets of illness clustered toward the end of the rainy season when populations of Aedes aegypti, a probable vector in Malaysia, were most abundant.
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PMID:Zika virus, a cause of fever in Central Java, Indonesia. 627 77

It is important to understand both the kinetic and the dynamic implications of dosing TCAs and BZs in the elderly, for whom these drugs are frequently prescribed. The TCAs are used to treat responsive signs and symptoms including such somatic complaints as chest pain, dizziness, and arthralgias, as well as the endogenous signs such as loss of appetite with associated weight loss, psychomotor retardation, loss of libido, and insomnia. The pharmacokinetic studies of TCAs such as desipramine and nortriptyline have shown few, if any, age-related changes. The dose required for responsivity is significantly reduced for both TCAs (desipramine and nortriptyline) in the elderly, which may suggest increased end-organ responsiveness. The major recommendations for treatment of depression with nortriptyline in the elderly are (1) to administer small doses in order to avoid side effects, and (2) to expect a longer response time for the antidepressant effect than in young and middle-aged depressed patients. Although the BZs are extensively prescribed in the elderly, primarily for insomnia and anxiety, the physiologic and biochemical changes of aging alter the kinetics and dynamics of these extensively metabolized and slowly eliminated drugs. Based on the kinetic data and information in Tables 1 and 2, the relatively sensitive elderly population should receive a reduced dosage. Careful evaluation of the patient and the kinetic profile of the agent employed will ensure safe use of these drugs. A clear understanding of anxiety and respect for the alterations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents in the elderly will allow the physician to prescribe the BZs wisely. As with the TCAs, remember to administer doses of BZs that are reduced by 50 to 75 per cent of the usual recommended doses for young and middle-aged individuals and to increase dosage in small increments. Ultimately, sound, scientifically based, clinical judgment that considers the needs of the patient is the best guide for the selection of an appropriate BZ.
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PMID:Implications of dosing tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines in geriatrics. 644 Nov 58

Praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]++ +isoquinolin- 4-one, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide) has been used in 4853 patients with Opisthorchis viverrini infection. 786 patients were treated as inpatients with extensive clinical evaluation and the rest were out-patients. A cure rate (evaluated with 5 faecal samples) of 100% was obtained in groups given 6 X 25 mg/kg on 2 days and 3 X 25 mg/kg on 1 day, while in groups given 2 X 25 mg/kg, 1 X 25 mg/kg and 1 X 40 mg/kg all on 1 day the cure rates were 88, 44 and 91%, respectively. With one sample evaluation the parasitological cure rate was 96% in further 96 patients excreting the geometric mean (GM) of 5394 eggs per gram (EPG) and receiving 1 X 40 mg/kg. Another 68 patients with an egg output of 26044 (GM/EPG) and treated with 1 X 50 mg/kg showed a cure rate of 97% by similar evaluation. Side effects were mild and transient and were more frequent in higher dosage groups. They included anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, epigastric pain, rumbling in the abdomen, diarrhoea, lassitude, myalgia, headache, dizziness, sleeplessness, sleepiness, "hot sensation", shortness of breath, and skin rash in a few cases. Headache (30.7%) was most common in the 6 X 25 mg/kg group. In 53 patients with severe jaundice the side effects were similar. There was no evidence of toxicity. Remarkable was one patient treated with 1 X 50 mg/kg who expelled 5636 O. viverrini worms, most of which were elongated and damaged. When a single dose is prescribed it should be given at bed time to reduce the side effect of sedation.
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PMID:Opisthorchis viverrini: clinical experience with praziquantel in Hospital for Tropical Diseases. 654 86

Eight-five of 816 (10.7%) students attending a primary school in Central Thailand were examined and found infected with Fasciolopsis buski. All of students ate fresh water lily stems and most ate other fresh water plants including caltrop, water cress and morning glory. The 85 students were given praziquantel in randomized single doses of 15, 25 or 40 mg/kg body weight. Side effects were mild and transient and consisted of headache, dizziness, nausea, sleepiness, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, diarrhea, epigastric pain, vomiting and lassitude. Those receiving the highest dosages had more side effects than students in the other 2 groups. Large blisters were observed on the tegument of F. buski passed in feces and this was believed to be caused by the drug. The authors recommend a single dose of praziquantel in a dosage of 15 mg/kg of body weight for the treatment of parasitosis.
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PMID:Field trial on the treatment of fasciolopsiasis with praziquantel. 663 61

This is a report of the safety evaluation of tocainide in the first 369 patients entered into the American Tocainide Emergency Use Program. This humanitarian protocol has made tocainide available for emergency use in the treatment of life-threatening, intractable ventricular arrhythmias in patients who were unresponsive to or unable to take the approved antiarrhythmic drugs. TAhe most frequent adverse experiences reported were neurologic and gastrointestinal in nature and included dizziness, lightheadedness, tremors, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Adverse experiences resulted in the discontinuation of tocainide in 16% of these patients and were transient and reversible with no conclusive evidence of permanent organ injury. Adverse experiences having special relevance to the safety assessment of new antiarrhythmic agents are discussed, including congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, convulsions, lupus erythematosus-like illness, and deaths while on therapy. No significant abnormal trends were observed in routine hematologic and biochemical laboratory screening tests or in ophthalmologic or chest x-ray examinations. An evaluation of the effects of chronic tocainide administration of ECG intervals showed no significant change in P-R or QRS intervals but demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in Q-T duration. It is concluded that in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, tocainide is a safe agent with a favorable risk-benefit ratio.
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PMID:Safety evaluation of tocainide in the American Emergency Use Program. 677 92

A short review is given of the pharmacokinetic characteristics and side effects of the nitroimidazoles: metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole. The drugs are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, maximum plasma levels generally being obtained 1 to 4 h after oral intake. Metronidazole has been shown to be absorbed after rectal administration; vaginal absorption is documented for all three drugs. The nitroimidazoles are widely distributed in the body, cross the placenta and appear in breast milk. Therapeutically effective concentrations of e.g. metronidazole have been demonstrated in e.g. the central nervous system, middle ear discharges, bile, peritoneal fluid, and fluids and tissues of the female genital tract. The binding to plasma proteins is less than 20%. Available data suggest that the elimination half-lives of these drugs differ, being 7-8 h for metronidazole, about 12 h for tinidazole and 14-15 h for ornidazole. Both metronidazole and ornidazole, but not tinidazole, seem to be extensively metabolized before elimination. The nature and frequency of adverse reactions to this drug include encephalopathy in a few patients treated with doses between 5 and 10 g daily as an adjunct to radiotherapy, and peripheral neuropathy observed in patients treated for prolonged periods with high doses. Among the common side effects of the nitroimidazoles are symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, anorexia, vomiting and metallic or bitter taste. Dizziness, ataxia and headache have been reported. When given together with alcohol, a disulfiram-like intolerance reaction can be obtained.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles. Spectrum of adverse reactions. 694 57

Twenty-eight patients with disseminated malignant melanoma, who had failed prior therapy, were treated with aziridinylbenzoquinone (AZQ) administered on a 5-day I.V. schedule repeated every 4 weeks. The starting doses were 8 or 6 mg/m2/day x 5 days for good-and-poor-risk patients respectively. There were no complete or partial responses among 23 evaluable patients but four patients had stabilization of disease. The dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia. Other toxicities included weakness, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dizziness, abdominal pain, and constipation. AZQ, given on a 5-day schedule, is ineffective in the treatment of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
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PMID:AZQ therapy in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. 716 3

A Phase II study of a new fluorinated pyrimidine (TAC-278) was performed in 14 institutions from May 1980 to April 1981. 400-1200 mg of TAC-278 was orally administered in 2 to 4 divided doses every day for more than 4 weeks. Selection of patients and evaluation of clinical response were done according to the criteria for "Evaluation of Clinical Effects of Chemotherapy on Solid Tumors" by Koyama and Saito. A total of 188 patients were entered in the study and 96 of them were evaluable. Partial responses were observed in 9.4% (9/96) of the evaluated cases. Stomach cancer and colorectal cancer showed partial responses in 10.8% (4/37) and 20% (5/25), respectively. As for side effects, slight gastrointestinal symptoms (loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting etc.) were found in 24% and CNS-symptoms such as dizziness and disorientation were observed in approximately 8% of the patients.
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PMID:[Phase II study of a new fluorinated pyrimidine, ethyl (+/-)-t-6-butoxy-5-fluoro-2, 4-dioxohexahydropyrimidine-r-5-carboxylate (TAC-278)]. 718 76

In order to study functional as well as anatomical aspects of various internal organs, SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography) has been used extensively for evaluation of these organs. For SPECT study, intravenous injection of radioactive substances such as technetium-99m (20 millicuries) & thallium-201 chloride (3 millicuries) is commonly used. Although the physical half-life of thallium-201 chloride is 73 hours, its biological half-life is often more than 3.5 times that. Following intravenous injection of thallium-201 chloride it is concentrated in the heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid gland, testes or ovaries, and then eventually decays to mercury. Because of its relatively long physical & biological half-lives, thallium-201 chloride may produce mild radiation injury while it remains radioactive. Similar injuries may be induced by technetium-99m (often used for brain SPECT), which radiates Gamma rays (140 KeV), but since its physical half-life is only 6 hours, the side effects are not as significant as those of thallium-201 chloride. Since the main component of thallium-201 chloride radiation is X-ray (68-82 KeV), which consists of photons with a very short wavelength and a high penetrating power, prolonged exposure can induce electromagnetic field-induced injury. As a previous study of the principal author on electromagnetic field exposure indicated, electromagnetic field-induced injury causes the change of L-amino acids to D-amino acids. 2 days after SPECT study of the heart with intravenous injection of thallium-201 chloride, the principal author experienced shortness of breath, loss of appetite, dizziness, fever, and general malaise within the week, and found a progressively significant increase in D-glutamic acid and decrease in L-glutamic acid peaking 2 weeks after the initial injection but lasting for many weeks after in organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid gland & testes, where radioactive substances had accumulated and radiation was at an average of about 400 counts/min. Even 2 months after the initial injection, the abnormal ratio of D-amino acids and L-amino acids had not returned to normal (in the radiation exposed heart, L-amino acids: 6 mg/dl with D-amino acids: 5 mg/dl; normal tissue, L-amino acids: 10 mg/dl with D-amino acids < 1 mg/dl). The principal author tried to find a safe method of reducing possible radiation injury and accelerating the elimination of the already deposited mercury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Radiation injury & mercury deposits in internal organs as a result of thallium-201 chloride intravenous injection for SPECT imaging; additional biochemical information obtained in the images of organs from SPECT or PET scans; & potential injury due to radiation exposure during long distance flights. 749 50


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