Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The safety and efficacy of indoramin and prazosin added to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were compared in a double-blind trial involving 209 patients with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension. Patients whose supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) did not decrease to less than or equal to 90 mm Hg after 6 weeks of HCTZ therapy had indoramin or prazosin added to their regimen. Mean SDBP during 6 months of combination therapy with either regimen decreased by approximately 10 mm Hg from that at the final evaluation during HCTZ therapy (p less than 0.001); differences between the groups were not statistically significant. Mean heart rate was unchanged, whereas mean weight increased (p less than 0.001) above final HCTZ values by approximately 2 kg in both groups. Mean weight increased significantly (p less than 0.01) from baseline values, however, only in the prazosin/HCTZ group. Approximately 95% of the patients in each group had clinically significant decreases in SDBP. Fatigue or tiredness and dizziness were the most commonly reported adverse effects, and their frequencies were not significantly different in the two groups. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred only in patients in the prazosin/HCTZ group and were significantly (p less than 0.05) more frequent than among patients in the indoramin/HCTZ group; less severe adverse experiences, i.e., dry mouth, ejaculatory problems, drowsiness, and sedation, were significantly (p less than 0.05) more frequent in the indoramin/HCTZ group. When added to HCTZ, indoramin and prazosin are equally safe and effective in the treatment of hypertension.
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PMID:Antihypertensive effects of indoramin and prazosin in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. 242 99

In order to investigate the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with flupirtine in patients with chronic pain, in particular arthrosis and arthritis, a study was planned which, when completed, will encompass the treatment of 200 patients over a 12-month period. The present paper is a preliminary report of this ongoing study. The report deals with 104 patients: 55 of whom completed the 12-month treatment period and a 2-week follow-up phase, during which flupirtine was replaced by placebo in order to be able to detect drug-withdrawal effects. Forty nine patients withdrew from the study. Most of the patients were suffering from degenerative rheumatic arthrosis or inflammatory rheumatic arthritis. The average daily dosage was 300 mg. The incidence of drop-outs was highest in the first months with hardly any patients withdrawing in the last six months. Fifteen patients dropped out because of side effects (dizziness, nausea, sleep disturbances, and headache). Ten patients dropped out because of ineffectiveness, seven because of side effects plus ineffectiveness, and three because of side effects and other reasons. The remaining 14 patients dropped out because of other or non-medical reasons. For the 55 patients who completed the study, the analgesic took effect within 45 minutes to 2 hours, the duration of effect was 4-6 hours. Three-quarters of the patients responded to the drug, one-quarter did not. The analgesic effect remained constant during the 12-month treatment, as did the average number of capsules taken per month. There was no evidence that tolerance developed. The most frequent side effects were drowsiness (9% of patients), dizziness (11%), dry mouth (5%) and pruritus (9%). The withdrawal symptom scale completed every month during treatment (to determine baseline values) and every day throughout the 2-week placebo post-treatment phase showed no changes in the median. The mean value increased during the withdrawal phase, however, indicating that the symptomatology was more pronounced in some subjects. After withdrawal, the non-specific symptoms increased to a greater extent than symptoms from the opiate scale. The symptoms were present throughout the withdrawal phase. If the withdrawal phenomena had corresponded to the flupirtine's terminal half-life, then the symptoms ought to have been present mainly in the first few days. There was a slight trend for lowering systolic blood pressure but no changes in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate, nor changes in the ECG or laboratory analysis that could be related to flupirtine. These preliminary data suggest that flupirtine is safe when given for a period of one year.
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PMID:On the adverse reactions and efficacy of long-term treatment with flupirtine: preliminary results of an ongoing twelve-month study with 200 patients suffering from chronic pain states in arthrosis or arthritis. 245 18

We have treated 128 patients aged 40 +/- 9 years (60 males and 68 females), all with essential hypertension (W.H.O. I and II), over a period of 10 yr. The treatment was performed with clonidine at a dose that ranged from 0.150 to 1,200 mg (twice daily). Forty-two patients also received a diuretic (HCTZ 25 mg daily). Mean blood pressure decreased significantly from 169 +/- 10 mm Hg systolic, 107 +/- 3 diastolic to 145 +/- 6 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) 90 +/- 3 mm Hg diastolic (p less than 0.001). Side effects occurred during the first month. These were drowsiness 28%, dry mouth 35%, constipation 13%, dizziness 9%, postural hypotension 2%, and male impotence 3.3% (2/60). Side effects still present after 120 months of treatment were drowsiness 11.7%, dry mouth 26.6%, constipation 14.1%, dizziness 4.7%, and male impotence 1.7% (1/59). The number of patients who discontinued treatment resulting from side effects were 3.34%, all of them within the first 6 months. There were no changes in renal or liver function or in serum electrolytes or lipids. Retinopathy improved in most patients. Electrocardiogram (ECG) improved in 45 patients with LVH. It is concluded that clonidine provided sustained blood pressure control with minimum side effects during 10-year therapy for hypertension.
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PMID:Safety aspects of long-term antihypertensive therapy (10 years) with clonidine. 245 59

In this double-blind study in general practice, 444 patients were randomized to ketanserin (K, 40 mg b.i.d.) and 229 patients were randomized to propranolol (P, 80 mg b.i.d.). After 3 months, more patients on K (15%) than on P (9%) had been withdrawn (p less than 0.02). Although at 3 months the falls in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were similar in both groups, the reduction in SBP was slower on K, and up to 2 months SBP was higher on K than on P (p less than 0.04 or less). At randomization and after 3 months, average weights were similar in both groups. However, during the first month of the study, patients on K gained weight, and this change in weight differed (p less than 0.02) from the unchanged weight on P. On K, BP lowering was greater when weight gain was less. Multiple regression analysis showed that after adjusting for BP at randomization and subsequent weight changes, DBP at 1 month on K was lower with advancing age, whereas SBP and DBP at 1 and 3 months on P were higher with age. Severe adverse effects were absent. However, dry mouth, edema, fatigue, and dizziness occurred more frequently with K (p less than 0.04 or less).
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PMID:Double-blind comparison of ketanserin and propranolol in hypertensive patients. 246 91

Oral prolecohen (LEK, Yugoslavia) was given in a single dose of 300 mg to 15 patients with extrasystole of various genesis. The drug produced an antiarrhythmic effect in 50% of patients with ventricular extrasystole, but in those with supraventricular extrasystole. Prolecophenum showed a good tolerance. In 20% of the patients the adverse reactions appeared as mild headache, dizziness, dry mouth, malaise in the epigastric region. There is also evidence for efficacy of other antiarrhythmic agents used in this group of patients.
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PMID:[Anti-arrhythmia effect of prolecophen in patients with extrasystole in comparison with other anti-arrhythmia drugs]. 248 81

Hydroxyzine, a potent H1-receptor antagonist often used for relief of pruritus in patients with hepatic dysfunction, was studied in eight patients, mean age 53.4 +/- SD 11.2 years, with primary biliary cirrhosis. The patients ingested a single dose of hydroxyzine, 0.7 mg/kg (mean dose 43.9 +/- 6.6 mg). Before the dose, then hourly for 6 hours, every 2 hours from 6-12 hours, at 24 hours, and every 24 hours for 6 days, serum hydroxyzine and cetirizine were measured and an intradermal injection of 0.01 mL of a 0.1 mg/mL solution of histamine phosphate was performed. Wheals and flares were traced at 10 minutes and the areas were calculated. Mean peak hydroxyzine levels of 116.5 +/- 60.6 ng/mL occurred at 2.3 +/- 0.7 hours and mean peak cetirizine levels of 500.4 +/- 302.0 ng/mL occurred at 4.8 +/- 2.8 hours. The mean serum elimination half-life of hydroxyzine was 36.6 +/- 13.1 hours, and the mean serum elimination half-life of cetirizine was 25.0 +/- 8.2 hours. The mean hydroxyzine clearance rate was 8.65 +/- 7.46 mL/min/kg, and the mean volume of distribution was 22.7 +/- 13.3 L/kg. The mean wheal area was suppressed (P less than 0.01) from 1 to 120 hours, with maximal suppression from 2 to 48 hours. The mean flare area was suppressed from 1 to 144 hours, with maximal suppression from 3 to 24 hours (P less than 0.01). All patients became sleepy from 0.5 to 6 hours. Blurred vision, dizziness and dry mouth each occurred in two patients. Hydroxyzine elimination is impaired in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydroxyzine in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. 257 11

Reflex sweating can be a problem for cervical spinal cord injured patients. Patient comfort and skin breakdown have been the major concerns. Five patients were studied prospectively, using a patch containing 1.5mg of scopolamine. Patches were changed every third day. Each patient was carefully monitored before and after application of the patch for signs and symptoms of anticholinergic side effects such as dizziness, blurred vision and dry mouth. Patients were also monitored for changes in patch signs before and after use, including residual urine volumes, blood pressure, heart rate, and mental status. Our study indicates that topical scopolamine successfully controlled reflex sweating in 5 patients without anticholinergic side effects.
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PMID:Management of reflex sweating in spinal cord injured patients. 274 72

Choice of an antidepressant medication is, in part, based on the side effects produced by a drug and the desire to avoid certain reactions in a particular patient. The clinician needs a reliable method of predicting which medications are most likely to produce specific untoward effects. Understanding the synaptic pharmacology of the most commonly used agents could serve as a tool for predicting possible side effects and drug-drug interactions. Antidepressant drugs alter neurotransmitter effects at nerve synapses, probably by blocking norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, and blockade of neurotransmitter receptor sites - primarily the histamine H1 receptor, the muscarinic receptor, and the alpha-1-adrenoceptor. Possible clinical side effects related to some of these interactions include tachycardia, tremor, and (possibly) male sexual dysfunction (associated with norepinephrine reuptake blockade); sedation (associated with histamine H1 blockade); orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and reflex tachycardia (associated with alpha-1-adrenoceptor blockade), and blurred vision, dry mouth, and memory dysfunction (associated with muscarinic receptor blockade). Pharmacologic data that demonstrate the potencies and selectivities of the antidepressant drugs for reuptake blockade and receptor site antagonism might allow the clinician to make an informed, rational choice of antidepressant therapy. This paper presents data on drug potencies and selectivities, and attempts to relate these data to anticipated side effects and drug-drug interactions.
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PMID:Pharmacology of antidepressants. 289 25

Doxazosin is a new quinazoline derivative that, like prazosin, has selectivity for alpha 1-receptors. A three-way crossover, randomized, open study in 18 patients with essential hypertension was conducted to investigate the clinical pharmacokinetics of 2, 4, and 8 mg doxazosin at steady state. The pharmacokinetics of the initial 2 mg dose was also studied. Doxazosin showed linear pharmacokinetics. Increases in doses from 2 to 8 mg (steady state) produced proportional increases in doxazosin serum levels (maximum plasma drug concentration [Cmax] minimum plasma drug concentration [C min], and O-24-hour area under the curve [AUC(p-24)], whereas half-life (t1/2) (19.4, 18.7, and 19.7 hours, respectively), volume of distribution (3.4, 3.4, and 3.6 L/kg, respectively), clearance from serum (2.2, 2.2, and 2.1 ml/min/kg, respectively), and degree of protein binding (1.2%, 1.0%, and 1.0% unbound, respectively) were dose independent. Similar t1/2 and time to reach peak concentration (tmax) were obtained with 2 mg initial dose and 2 mg steady state. alpha 1-Acid glycoprotein levels were unchanged during doxazosin treatment. Doxazosin lowered supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The blood pressure reduction was associated with an increase in heart rate. Peak hypotensive and tachycardic effects occurred 5.7 +/- 0.1 hours after administration, whereas Cmax was achieved at 2.4 +/- 0.7 hours (tmax). Greater decreases in systolic blood pressure and increases in heart rate were seen in standing than in supine position. The reduction in standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure with 8 mg was greater than with 2 mg (P less than 0.05); however, the increases in heart rate were not different. Dizziness, headaches, and dry mouth were the most frequent side effects. This study indicates that doxazosin shows linear pharmacokinetics between 2 and 8 mg and that because of its long t1/2, once-a-day administration should be adequate for the treatment of hypertension.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacology of doxazosin in patients with essential hypertension. 295 Oct 51

GR-C507/75 (GR38032F) antagonizes the 5-HT3 (serotonin) receptor and prevents cisplatin-induced emesis in animals. In this dose-ranging trial, 44 patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy known to produce nausea and vomiting (including cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin) received three intravenous (IV) infusions of GR-C507/75 every two hours beginning 30 minutes before chemotherapy. Ten dosage levels were explored, ranging from 0.04 mg/kg to 0.35 mg/kg in each of the three infusions. Toxicities were mild and included sedation, dizziness, headache, transient elevations of SGOT or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and dry mouth. No akathisia or acute dystonic reactions were observed. Antiemetic effects were seen in patients receiving cisplatin at 120 mg/m2. GR-C507/75 can be safely administered on this schedule at IV dosages up to 0.35 mg/kg in patients receiving chemotherapy. Further studies of this agent at higher dosages and by different schedules are appropriate.
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PMID:Dose-ranging evaluation of the serotonin antagonist GR-C507/75 (GR38032F) when used as an antiemetic in patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy. 296 55


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