Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper focuses on recent developments in the areas of mode of action and clinical efficacy of mebendazole use since its introduction in 1974. Mebendazole blocks glucose uptake by adult intestinal-dwelling nematodes and cestodes and their tissue-dwelling larvae. The drug's poor absorption does not appear to affect clinical efficacy except in the treatment of systemic helminth infections. Mebendazole has been found to be ovicidal for the eggs of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm with the disadvantages of cost and long duration of therapy; it is also considered the best drug for the treatment of trichuriasis. Among its nonapproved uses, it shows promise in the treatment of capillariasis and hydatid disease. Further investigation is needed to establish its role in the treatment of taeniasis, Hymenolepsis nana, Strongyloidiasis, Trichinosis, and Dipetalonema perstans. Side effects such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, and dizziness have been reported on rare occasions.
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PMID:Mebendazole. 48 64

In January and February 1974, 32 adults (20 males and 12 females) and a 13-year-old girl with taeniasis saginata were treated with the mixture of boiled areca nuts and pumpkin seeds at Mastoban, Jen-ai District, Nantou County, Taiwan. A total of 48 worms including 42 scolices were recovered from 29 cases. Side-effects were observed in 4 cases including 3 with complaints of dizziness, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, and one with coma and abdominal pain. Mixtures of 75-150 g areca nuts and 50-100 g pumpkin seeds were judged effective and safe.
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PMID:Treatment of Taenia saginata infection with mixture of areca nuts and pumpkin seeds. 103 85

From 1974 to 1989, a total of 24,500 aborigines at 67 villages in ten mountainous districts/towns in Taiwan were examined for the Taiwan Taenia infection and 12% were found to be infected. In order to define the clinical manifestations of taeniasis caused by the Taiwan Taenia, 1661 aborigines in ten mountainous districts were surveyed. The overall clinical rate was 76%. The clinical rate was highest among Atayal aborigines (81%), followed by Bunun (66%) and Yami (61%) aborgines and lowest among Ami aborigines (40%). Among 1153 infected people, 10% had passed gravid segments in the faeces for less than 1 year, 24% for 1-3 years, 17% for 4-5 years, 23% for 6-10 years, 16% for 11-20 years, 7% for 21-30 years, and 3% over 30 years. Twenty-six occurrences of gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms were reported by 1258 infected persons. Passing proglottides in the faeces (95%) was the most frequent sign, followed by pruritus ani (77%), nausea (46%), abdominal pain (45%), dizziness (42%), increased appetite (30%), headache (26%), etc.
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PMID:Clinical manifestations of taeniasis in Taiwan aborigines. 164 85

The present field trial attempts to test the efficacy of niclosamide by a modified chemotherapeutic schedule to collect the purged stool samples consecutively to search expelled worms. Nineteen patients with taeniasis were given 1 gm of niclosmaide with 3 gm sodium bicarbonate twice at 30-minute interval, then purgative was administered. The patients were allowed only fluid meal or fruit juice before treatment. In all, 33 worms (11 with scolex, 22 without), 17 strobilae and 247 segments were collected from consecutive purged stools. The scolex recovery rate was 33%. After taking the purgative, 5 female patients showed side-reactions (nausea, vomiting and dizziness) which were mild and transient. Two months after the treatment, 14 patients were still passing strobilae and/or proglottides in the stools but 5 were not. Four months after the treatment, only 3 cases were still passing strobilae and/or segments in the stools showing a cure rate of 84.2%. The results indicate that niclosamide is a good taenicide but with a slow effect.
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PMID:Efficacy of niclosamide against aboriginal taeniasis in Taiwan. 216 71

Recently it has been known that paromomycin sulfate had marked anthelmintic activity against some species of tapeworms. In this investigation, paromomycin sulfate was used for treating 6 cases of diphyllobothriasis and 1 case of Taenia saginata infection. Paromomycin sulfate was administered orally in a single dose or 2 divided doses of 40--60 mg/kg, being followed by a purge about 1.5 hours later. Strobila or fragments of proglottids were expelled from 5 cases, of which only 1 scolex was found in a case of infection with marine species of Diphyllobothrium. In 1 case of diphyllobothriasis no worm or worm-fragment was found in the stool even after the second challenge of treatment. Nevertheless follow-up examination for more than 1 month showed no evidence of remaining infection in all cases. Transient dizziness was observed in only 1 case, disappearing within about 30 minutes. Serum- and urine-examinations detected no abnormal signs in all cases excepting 1 case of diphyllobothriasis with suspected hepatitis. It was concluded that paromomycin sulfate is effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of taeniasis and diphyllobothriasis including marine species.
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PMID:[Efficacy of paromomycin sulfate in the elimination of Diphyllobothrium species and Taenia saginata in clinical cases]. 687 73

We performed a survey for taeniasis and cysticercosis among persons living in a Mexican village where Taenia solium infection in pigs was known to be enzootic. A standardized questionnaire was administered in all 577 households to obtain medical histories and information on demographic and environmental factors and on risk factors associated with transmission of infection. Serum and/or stool specimens were obtained from 1005 volunteers and examined for cysticercosis antibodies and intestinal parasites. Faecal examination of 828 participants revealed infection by Taenia sp. in 2 (0.2%). Three additional cases of taeniasis were detected in individuals who evacuated proglottids after treatment with praziquantel. Of 1005 human serum specimens, 49 (4.9%) were positive in the cysticercosis immunoblot assay. Seropositivity increased with age and reached a peak in subjects aged 46-55 years (P < 0.05). A history of seizures was significantly associated with seropositivity (P < 0.05); approximately 25% of persons with such histories were seropositive. Histories of headache, dizziness, trembling, blurred vision, and vomiting were also significantly associated with positive immunoblot assays. This study has demonstrated previously undiagnosed morbidity associated with T. solium neurocysticercosis and identified community behavioural and environmental practices that must be modified to prevent continued transmission of cysticercosis and taeniasis.
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PMID:Epidemiological investigation of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in a rural village of Michoacan state, Mexico. 815

Taeniasis refers to the infection with adult tapeworms of Taenia spp. in the upper small intestine of humans, which is also a cause of cysticercosis infection in either both humans and/or animals. Currently the most commonly applied anthelminthics for treatment of taeniasis are praziquantel and niclosamide. Praziquantel is very effective, but has the risk of induction of epileptic seizures or convulsions in carriers with asymptomatic concurrent neurocysticercosis. In contrast, niclosamide is safe and effective, but is not readily available in many endemic countries including China. In the current community-based study, we assessed the curative effect of either pumpkin seeds or areca nut extract alone in taeniasis, and also looked at synergistic effects of these two herb drugs on tapeworms. In the study group with the pumpkin seed/areca nut extract treatment, 91 (79.1%) of 115 suspected taeniasis cases (with a history of expulsion of proglottids within the previous one year) released whole tapeworms, four (3.5%) expelled incomplete strobila, and no tapeworms or proglottids were recovered in the remaining 20 cases. In these 115 persons, 45 were confirmed as taeniasis before treatment by microscopy and/or coproPCR. Forty (88.9%) of 45 confirmed cases eliminated intact worms following treatment. The mean time period for complete elimination of tapeworms in 91 taeniasis cases was 2 h (range 20 min to 8 h 30 min), and 89.0% (81) of 91 patients discharged intact worms within 3h after drug administration. In Control Group A with treatment of pumpkin seeds alone, 75.0% (9/12) of confirmed taeniasis cases expelled whole tapeworms, but the mean time period for complete elimination was about 14 h 10 min (range 3 h 20 min to 21 h 20 min), which was much longer than that (2 h) for the study group, whereas in Control Group B treated with areca nut extract alone, only 63.6% (7/11) of taeniasis cases discharged whole tapeworms, and the mean time period was 6 h 27 min (range 1-22 h). Mild side effects included nausea and dizziness in about 46.3% of patients with the pumpkin seeds/areca nut extract treatment, but all discomforts were transient and well tolerated. In conclusion, a synergistic effect of pumpkin seed and areca nut extract on Taenia spp. tapeworms was confirmed in the current study, primarily in producing an increased rate of effect on tapeworm expulsion (average time 2 h for combination vs 6-21 h for individual extracts). The pumpkin seed/areca combined treatment was indicated to be safe and highly effective (89%) for human taeniasis.
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PMID:Usefulness of pumpkin seeds combined with areca nut extract in community-based treatment of human taeniasis in northwest Sichuan Province, China. 2291 Feb 18