Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pseudotumor cerebri is a clinical condition marked by papilledema, normal cerebrospinal fluid composition, normal or small ventricles on radiography, and absence of an intracranial mass. In this condition, headache, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision, and diplopia are frequently observed. The cause is often unknown but can occur with certain drug ingestions or systemic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. The treatment is primarily focused on the correction of the underlying cause with measures to reduce the raised intracranial pressure. The most important complication is optic atrophy, which results in visual loss. The sixth cranial nerve is most commonly affected. The involvement of the third cranial nerve is distinctly unusual. The present report describes a unique case of bilateral oculomotor palsy with sparing of the papillary fibers. It resolved promptly on administration of acetazolamide.
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PMID:Transient bilateral oculomotor palsy in pseudotumor cerebri. 1844 74

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular disease which leads to varying degrees of weakness in the skeletal muscles. Some of the symptoms of the disorder include weakness of the eye muscles, difficulty in swallowing and slurred speech. When only the muscles of the eyes are affected, the illness is termed ocular myasthenia, which is often characterized by abrupt onset of diplopia and ptosis of the eyelid. In most patients with ocular-onset MG, there is a progression to involvement of other muscle groups within the first two years (generalized myasthenia). In the case reported here, a 39-year-old male of Ecuadorian descent complained of difficulty seeing, double vision, dizziness, unsteady gait, difficulty maintaining balance and fatigue for the previous two days. Neurological examination was remarkable for total external ophthalmoplegia. There was no external bulbar muscle paralysis, motor weakness, muscle wasting, sensory deficits or sphincter dysfunction. His laboratory workup was significant for elevated acetylcholine receptor antibody. He was diagnosed with ocular MG after differential diagnoses were ruled out based on the onset and presentation of symptoms, the patient's age and a normal magnetic resonance imaging exam. No signs of generalized myasthenia were detected. His symptoms improved dramatically after treatment with Acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) inhibitors and steroids, regaining much of his ocular mobility and ability to walk without gait imbalance. At follow-up visits, the patient remained healthy with no evidence development of other myasthenic signs. This case is atypical since ocular MG does not normally occur in the absence of other myasthenic forms.
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PMID:An atypical course of myasthenia gravis. 1860 52

Pineal parenchyma tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) is a very rare intracranial tumor, and pathological investigation limited to immunohistological and ultrastructural analyses have been published to date. Although intraoperative cytology is one of the important approaches for initial diagnosis in brain tumors, no or little studies on cellular morphology of PPTID have been demonstrated due to its rarity. We report here cytological features of PPTID obtained from stereotactic surgical specimens in a case of 27-year-old female manifested by dizziness and diplopia. Brain MRI revealed an unhomogeneously enhanced, large-sized tumor (56 x 52 x 60 mm) mainly located in the pineal region expanding from the midbrain to superior portion of the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle. Squash cytology showed increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromatic nuclei, and small rosette-like cell cluster but cellular pleomorphism was mild to moderate and necrotic background was not observed. Histology showed high cellularity, moderate nuclear atypia, and small rosette formation but neither bizarre tumor cells nor necrosis was present. Mitotic counts were very low (less than 1 per 10 high-power fields) and the MIB-1 labeling index was relatively high (10.1%). Tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for neural markers such as synaptophysin, neurospecific enolase but not for glial fibrillary acidic protein or S-100. In some parts, cells were strongly reactive for neurofilament protein. Taken together, we made a final diagnosis of PPTID. This is the first presentation of cytological analysis by squash preparation that gives an important clue to accurate diagnosis of pineal parenchymal tumor and to understand its malignant potential.
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PMID:Cytologic feature by squash preparation of pineal parenchyma tumor of intermediate differentiation. 1877 48

Thirty patients with different forms of epilepsy were treated with toreal in dosage 200 mg per day. The clinical efficacy was assessed after 8 and 12 weeks. Side-effects and changes of laboratory parameters were assessed taking into account their intensity, duration and possible relation to the drug. Toreal was most effective in symptomatic local forms of epilepsy (76-95%) and less effective in idiopathic forms (up to 70%). In the period of dose titration, higher fatigue (70%), sleepiness (53.33%) were recorded more often than dizziness, paresthesias, dry mouth, diplopia, dyspepsia, ataxia and others side-effects. Higher fatigue remained in 70% of patients to the end of 12th week while the frequency of other side- effects has decreased. Overall, the severity of side-effects was mild that did not lead to changing of dose or drug's withdrawal.
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PMID:[The use of toreal in the monotherapy of epilepsy in adults]. 1936 70

Green tobacco sickness (GTS) is an illness associated with exposure to nicotine originating directly from the growing tobacco plant. The exposure takes place in the course of activities during tobacco farming. Nausea, vomiting, headache and dizziness are the symptoms typical of GTS. The GTS cases have been most commonly reported in the USA, Japan, India and Italy. The first case of GTS in Poland has been diagnosed in a young man working on a Virginia bright tobacco plantation. The patient had symptoms typical of GTS. The toxicological analysis of urine demonstrated the presence of cotinine at the level of 869 ng/ml. Intravenous fluids, anticholinergic agents and potassium supplementation were used in the treatment. Interestingly, diplopia at the initial stage of tobacco poisoning and horizontal nystagmus, which resolved on the 2nd day of hospital stay were observed. We believe that cases of GTS occur in Poland; however patients do not seek medical care. Given that the majority of activities during tobacco farming in Poland are performed manually, it seems necessary to launch a public awareness campaign on GTS and decontamination methods.
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PMID:Green tobacco sickness in Poland. 1951 50

Multiple sclerosis, is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Symptoms rarely begin before age 10 or after age 60.The presentation may vary from isolated motor or sensory impairment to seizures or psychotic disturbances. This case report presents a 7-year-old male who complained of double vision, paralysis of the right face and imbalance. At that time the patient had supranuclear facial palsy, mild ataxia, diplopia and horizontal nystagmus. Head CT scan showed nodular densities with low attenuation areas in the white matter of the left frontal and left parietal lobes compatible with multiple sclerosis. At 12 years of age the patient presented dizziness, diplopia, and weakness of right extremities. At 24 years of age he developed seizures and visual and auditory hallucinations. By age 28 the patient was admitted with a sudden onset of paraparesis. Extensive subcortical and periventricular white matter changes were demonstrated by MRI on February 7, 2004. This case, with symptoms beginning at a very young age, demonstrates a wide range of the presentations of multiple sclerosis: motor impairments, seizures and hallucinations.
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PMID:Multiple sclerosis originating in childhood associated with seizures and hallucinations. 1961 May 59

We present a patient with a Rathke's cleft cyst who presented with rapidly progressive bilateral 6th nerve palsy. A 20-year-old woman with a history of cleft palate, hypertension, and hydronephrotic kidneys presented with a one month history of headache, associated with dizziness and diplopia on horizontal gaze. Examination was significant for profound bilateral 6th nerve palsies. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a hypodense mass that filled the sella and compressed the right cavernous sinus without contacting the optic chiasm. Pituitary function was normal. An endoscopic, transnasal transsphenoidal resection of the lesion was performed; microscopic examination revealed a Rathke's cleft cyst. Surgical excision resulted in near complete resolution of the bilateral 6th nerve palsy. Rathke's cleft cysts are an unusual cause of bilateral sixth nerve palsy and represent a potential cause of cranial neuropathy.
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PMID:Rathke's cleft cyst presenting as bilateral abducens nerve palsy. 1962 Dec 62

Ziconotide is a conopeptide intrathecal (IT) analgesic which is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of severe chronic pain. It is a synthetic equivalent of a naturally occurring conopeptide found in the venom of the fish-eating marine cone snail and provides analgesia via binding to N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the spinal cord. As ziconotide is a peptide, it is expected to be completely degraded by endopeptidases and exopeptidases (Phase I hydrolytic enzymes) widely located throughout the body, and not by other Phase I biotransformation processes (including the cytochrome P450 system) or by Phase II conjugation reactions. Thus, IT administration, low plasma ziconotide concentrations, and metabolism by ubiquitous peptidases make metabolic interactions of other drugs with ziconotide unlikely. Side effects of ziconotide which tend to occur more commonly at higher doses may include: nausea, vomiting, confusion, postural hypotension, abnormal gait, urinary retention, nystagmus/amblyopia, drowsiness/somnolence (reduced level of consciousness), dizziness or lightheadedness, weakness, visual problems (eg, double vision), elevation of serum creatine kinase, or vestibular side effects. Initially, when ziconotide was first administered to human subjects, titration schedules were overly aggressive and led to an abundance of adverse effects. Subsequently, clinicians have gained appreciation for ziconotide's relatively narrow therapeutic window. With appropriate usage multiple studies have shown ziconotide to be a safe and effective intrathecal analgesic alone or in combination with other intrathecal analgesics.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of intrathecal ziconotide in the management of severe chronic pain. 1970 62

Pregabalin is a new antiepileptic medication that works by binding to alpha 2 delta subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channels present in presynaptic neurons. Its pharmacokinetic advantages include rapid and almost complete absorption, lack of protein binding, linear kinetics, absence of enzyme induction, and absence of interactions with other drugs. Pregabalin was found effective as adjunctive therapy for refractory partial-onset seizures, with up to 51% responder at a dose of 600 mg/day. The lowest effective dose was 150 mg/day. Pregabalin is also approved for treatment of painful diabetic polyneuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia and pain with fibromyalgia. Studies also suggest a beneficial effect on sleep and generalized anxiety disorders. Its main adverse effects in randomized adjunctive trials in adults have been mild to moderate. Most common side effects were dizziness, ataxia, somnolence and diplopia. Weight gain was not prominent in pivotal pregabalin trials, but was more problematic in long-term postmarketing analyses in epilepsy patients. Pregabalin, with its potent antiseizure effect, favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and effectiveness in common co-morbidities is an important addition to the treatment of epilepsy.
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PMID:Pregabalin in the management of partial epilepsy. 1972 20

Leptomeningeal dissemination of low-grade gliomas is an uncommon event. A 43-year old male presented with dizziness, gait ataxia, and diplopia. A nonenhancing lesion in the right cerebellar peduncle was identified, subtotally resected, and diagnosed as a grade II astrocytoma. After one year a nodular spread in the brain and leptomeninges was diagnosed, so the patient started chemotherapy with temozolomide and liposomal cytarabine. Complete remission was achieved after 12 months of treatment and the patient is still free from the disease after a follow-up of 24 months. We suggest that this combination may be a valuable treatment option.
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PMID:Intrathecal liposomal cytarabine in combination with temozolomide in low-grade oligoastrocytoma with leptomeningeal dissemination. 1987


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