Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study evaluated self-reported subjective complaints (29 single items and 11 scales) at precessation, on quit day, and on Days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after cessation in 46 healthy quitters who remained abstinent for the first month after cessation (biochemically confirmed). Also tested on the same schedule were 29 nonsmokers matched for age and gender. Specific criteria were set for transient and offset effects based on the direction, magnitude, and time course of changes in symptoms after cessation. Results indicated that single-item anger, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, irritability, restlessness, dizziness, and nausea, and the Shiffman-Jarvik Stimulation/Sedation Subscale, the Perceived Stress scale, and the POMS anger, confusion, and tension subscales met the criteria for transient effects, and that single-item desire to smoke, cough, and headache, and the Shiffman-Jarvik Psychological Subscale met the criteria for offset effects. These findings help to clarify which subjective complaints after smoking cessation are transient effects and which are offset effects, a distinction with important implications for understanding nicotine dependence and for designing pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for smoking cessation.
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PMID:Self-reported abstinence effects in the first month after smoking cessation. 1143 24

We report a 73-year-old woman with intravascular malignant lymphomatosis (IML) who showed generalized telangiectasia as well as various neurological symptoms. In July 1998, she developed fever, dizziness, and confusion followed by left hemiparesis, and was admitted to our hospital on August 11, 1998. Laboratory tests indicated a normochromic normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cerebrospinal fluid protein. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed an infarct-like lesion in the left frontal lobe and multiple white matter lesions. After admission, her neurological status deteriorated and lapsed into coma and quadriplegia. At the end of September 1998, generalized telangiectasia appeared, and she was diagnosed as IML on skin biopsy. Although combination chemotherapy failed to improve her neurological symptoms, telangiectasia disappeared in a few days, and the infarct-like lesion on MRI decreased in size. Serum LDH, CRP, and thrombocyte counts were normalized. Autopsy findings revealed perivascular clustering of B cell type lymphoma cells in the left frontal lobe where abnormal signal intensity was found on MRI, as well as the spleen and the bone marrow. This case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in IML.
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PMID:[Intravascular malignant lymphomatosis: an autopsy case with generalized telangiectasia and various neurological manifestations]. 1148 51

Among the newly introduced antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), tiagabine (TGB) stands out as a compound with a well-understood and documented mechanism of action. It is a lipophilic derivative of nipecotic acid that blocks gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake by inhibition of the GAT-1 transportation system, and that has no other significant pharmacodynamic effect. The relationship between intake and blood levels is linear. Usual daily maintenance doses range from 20 to 50 mg. It is completely absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, and its half-life is approximately 7-9 h. TGB is sensitive to enzyme induction: when coprescribed with enzyme-inducing AEDs, its half-life is shortened to 2-3 h, whereas the daily dosage has to be increased into the upper range. It should be given 3 times per day. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, add-on studies conducted in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsies have demonstrated its efficacy and overall safety. The clinical benefits appear to persist over time. Data on its use in monotherapy are scanty. The efficacy and tolerability of TGB in the pediatric age still remain to be investigated adequately. In daily practice, TGB appears to be a safe drug, but mild to moderate side effects are frequently seen, especially during titration: these include dizziness and fatigue, and are clearly abated when the drug is absorbed during meals. Titration should be especially slow, no faster than 5 mg weekly. Clinicians also should beware of the possible occurrence of confusion, which may be misdiagnosed as absence status, a short-lasting, quickly reversible central nervous system-related side effect that appears to be correlated with the peak plasma concentrations of TGB. Particularly beneficial indications for TGB and/or AED associations including TGB have not been pointed out, but there is a hint that it works best in temporal lobe epilepsies.
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PMID:Tiagabine in clinical practice. 1152 Mar 22

Vertigo is a relatively uncommon pediatric complaint, with correct diagnosis made even more challenging by the patient's inherent difficulty in describing his or her symptoms. Confusion may exist among vertigo, dizziness, dysequilibrium, ataxia, pre-syncope or syncope, and seizure activity by both the pediatric patient and his or her family. A complete history and physical examination, as well as appropriate ancillary studies, may assist in clarifying the diagnosis. This paper attempts, via case report and literature review, to discuss the various etiologies of acute vertigo in the pediatric population, provide diagnostic clues, and evaluate some of the available diagnostic modalities.
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PMID:Childhood vertigo: a case report and review of the literature. 1152 79

There is scant literature on anxiety symptoms induced during respiratory challenges developed to induce panic symptoms and attacks. Here we report on the prevalence of Acute Panic Inventory (API) symptoms during three consecutive respiratory challenges to patients with panic disorder (PD) and normal controls (NC). The challenges performed using a closed canopy system included voluntary room air hyperventilation (RAH), inhalation of 5% CO(2), and 7% CO(2)-enriched air. The PD patients were 41 men and 53 women whose mean age was 33.4 (SD = 8.55). The normal comparison group consisted of 35 men and 27 women with a mean age of 31.3 (SD = 9.21). The diagnosis of panic disorder was made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. All potential normal controls underwent structured clinical interview using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version Modified for the Study of Anxiety Disorders (SADS-LA), and must have been free of a lifetime history of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, substance use disorders, and schizophrenia. All participants also had a complete medical evaluation and were in good health. The experiment consisted of seven experimental epochs: three baseline/recovery periods each followed by a respiratory challenge, and then a final recovery epoch. The API was administered at the end of each epoch. Clinical staff trained and experienced in rating panic attacks rated participants' response during each challenge as panic or no panic. Three groups were defined for analysis: PD patients who panicked, PD patients who did not panic, and NC who did not panic. Staff ratings indicated that the 7% CO(2) challenge was the most panicogenic, followed by the 5% CO(2), and the RAH challenges. Conventional statistics (analysis of variance and partial correlations) indicated that many baseline symptoms as well as symptom increments differed across groups, and were associated with the outcome of panic/no panic during each challenge. However, logistic regression analysis indicated that only a few symptoms independently predicted the panic/no panic outcome because many symptoms were redundant. The symptom cluster of fear in general, dizziness, difficulties with concentrating, and doing one's job predicted panic to RAH. The cluster of fear in general, confusion, dyspnea, and twitching/trembling predicted the response to 5% CO(2). Finally, fear in general, confusion, twitching/ trembling and dizziness predicted the response to 7% CO(2). While univariate analyses indicated that many symptoms distinguished between panic and no panic outcome, logistic regression revealed that group differences were subsumed under a few prominent symptoms, namely, fear in general, confusion, dizziness, twitching/trembling, and dyspnea. The results are discussed in the context of patient (having a diagnosis of PD) and panic effects (rated as panicking to a challenge).
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PMID:Acute panic inventory symptoms during CO(2) inhalation and room-air hyperventilation among panic disorder patients and normal controls. 1166 65

Syncope is defined as a temporary interruption of cerebral perfusion with a sudden and transient loss of consciousness and spontaneous recovery. Approximately one third of the population experiences syncope at least once during a lifetime. Presyncopal signs and symptoms, including weakness, headache, blurred vision, diaphoresis, nausea, and vomiting are sometimes present for seconds or minutes prior to loss of consciousness. After syncope, the patients may present with persisting drowsiness, headache, dizziness, nausea, but not usually confusion. Causes of syncope have been categorized as cardiovascular, non-cardiovascular, and unexplained. Cardiovascular causes can be subdivided into structural heart disease, coronary heart disease, and arrhythmia. Non-cardiovascular causes include neurological, metabolic, psychiatric and other disorders.Orthostatic hypotension - one of the most frequent causes of syncope - has manifold etiologies comprising various neurological and internal diseases. Orthostatic hypotension usually can be attributed to an impairment of peripheral vasoconstriction or to a reduction of the intravascular volume. Signs and symptoms, including the above prodromi are often present just after rising from a supine or sitting position. Frequently, blood pressure decreases significantly without an increase in heart rate. Autonomic cardiovascular modulation is often reduced. Many of the patients with "unexplained" syncope experience neurally mediated (i. e. neurocardiogenic or vasovagal) syncope. In these patients, cardiovascular control may be stable for an extended period of time during orthostatic stress, then there is a sudden decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Neurocardiogenic or neurally mediated syncope can be associated with painful or emotionally stressful situations such as anxiety or fear, with prolonged standing or specific trigger situations such as micturition, defecation, coughing or sneezing, visceral or carotid sinus stimulation, or with trigeminal or glossopharyngeal neuralgia. So far, the mechanisms of neurocardiogenic syncope are not completely understood. The passive 60 degrees to 70 degrees head-up tilt test is useful for the diagnosis of orthostatic and neurally mediated syncope. The sensitivity of the test can be improved by additional pharmacological provocation, e. g. by isoproterenol, or by increased orthostatic stress using lower body negative pressure stimulation. For the treatment of syncope one should first consider non-pharmacological options. Patients with orthostatic hypotension should avoid rapid changes of the body position from supine to standing, as well as high room temperature or other situations inducing peripheral vasodilatation. An increased intake of sodium and fluids, mild physical exercise or so-called postural counter-maneuvers can improve orthostatic tolerance. Among the drugs recommended for pharmacologic treatment are mineralocorticoids (e. g. fludrocortisone), vasoconstrictor agents (e. g. ephedrine, midodrine), adenosine receptor blockers (theophylline) and beta2-blockers (propanolol), anticholinergic agents, e. g. scopolamine or disopyramide, and negative cardiac inotropes, e. g. beta1-adrenergic blockers or disopyramide. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e. g. fluoxetine, sertraline), alpha2-adrenergic agonists (clonidine), central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate or phentermine are thought to be beneficial in specific cases. Cardiac pacemakers often seem to be recommended without adequate indication. The antidiuretic, V2-receptor specific, vasopressin analogue desmopressin increases the intravascular volume. Erythropoietin improves anemia and red blood cell decrease and augments blood pressure and cerebral oxygenation. In postprandial hypotension, octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, prostaglandin inhibitors such as indomethacin or ibuprofen, as well as metoclopramide or two cups of coffee per day might be beneficial.
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PMID:[Syncope - a systematic overview of classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management]. 1182 26

With the recent introduction of agents such as gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, the traditional gram-negative coverage of fluoroquinolones has been expanded to include specific gram-positive organisms. Clinical applications beyond genitourinary tract infections include upper and lower respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, gynecologic infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and some skin and soft tissue infections. Most quinolones have excellent oral bioavailability, with serum drug concentrations equivalent to intravenous administration. Quinolones have few adverse effects, most notably nausea, headache, dizziness, and confusion. Less common but more serious adverse events include prolongation of the corrected QT interval, phototoxicity, liver enzyme abnormalities, arthropathy, and cartilage and tendon abnormalities. The new fluoroquinolones are rarely first-line agents and should be employed judiciously. Inappropriate use of agents from this important class of antibiotics will likely worsen current problems with antibiotic resistance. Applications of fluoroquinolones in biologic warfare are also discussed.
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PMID:Quinolones: a comprehensive review. 1497 30

A 52-year-old man was admitted to a local hospital with headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, photophobia, and confusion after a sudden fall. Progressive changes in neurologic function were noted despite neurosurgical intervention and broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) culture identified Acinetobacter baumannii that was resistant to traditionally recommended therapies of amikacin and imipenem-cilastatin. The organism demonstrated minimum inhibitory concentrations of greater than 32 microg/ml and 8 microg/ml, respectively, for these two agents. Ampicillin 2 g-sulbactam 1 g every 3 hours was administered based on history of therapeutic failure of traditional dosing in our thermal injury population. Repeat CSF cultures after 12 days of ampicillin-sulbactam therapy were negative. After 35 days, the patient's A. baumannii infection was completely resolved. The patient experienced no adverse drug events or toxicity with this high-dosage regimen.
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PMID:Nontraditional dosing of ampicillin-sulbactam for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. 1193 89

The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs are chemical substances used recreationally in social settings. Use is increasingly frequent among young people, especially during all-night dance parties. All four agents have been classified as controlled substances. MDMA ("ecstasy") is available as a tablet, a capsule, and a powder; formulations may contain many adulterants. MDMA increases the release of neurotransmitters. The desired effects are euphoria, a feeling of intimacy, altered visual perception, enhanced libido, and increased energy. The most common adverse effects are agitation, anxiety, tachycardia, and hypertension. More serious adverse effects include arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis. Flunitrazepam is a potent benzodiazepine. At higher doses, the drug can cause lack of muscle control and loss of consciousness. Other adverse effects are hypotension, dizziness, confusion, and occasional aggression. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used primarily in veterinary practice. It may be injected, swallowed, snorted, or smoked. Like phencyclidine, ketamine interacts with the N-methyl-D-aspartate channel. Analgesic effects occur at lower doses and amnestic effects at higher doses. Cardiovascular and respiratory toxicity may occur, as well as confusion, hostility, and delirium. GHB, a naturally occurring fatty acid derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, was introduced as a dietary supplement. Increasing doses progressively produce amnesia, drowsiness, dizziness, euphoria, seizures, coma, and death. Flunitrazepam, ketamine, and GHB have been used to facilitate sexual assault. Supportive care is indicated for most cases of club drug intoxication. The increasing abuse of MDMA, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and GHB, particularly by young people in social settings such as clubs, should put health care professionals on guard to recognize and manage serious reactions.
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PMID:Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate. 1206 92

(1) Some cancer patients suffer occasional breakthrough pain despite well-conducted opiate treatment, warranting the use of immediate-release oral morphine. (2) A fentanyl preparation for oral transmucosal administration has just been granted this indication in France. (3) The evaluation file mainly contains results from a randomised double-blind cross-over trial comparing transmucosal fentanyl with oral morphine tablets in cancer patients. It showed a small gain in terms of rapidity and efficacy of pain relief with fentanyl relative to morphine, but this was of dubious clinical relevance. (4) The adverse effects of oral transmucosal fentanyl are those of all opiates, such as drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and confusion. (5) The oral transmucosal fentanyl preparation has the taste and appearance of a lollipop, and may therefore be attractive to children. The packaging seems to take this risk into account, but precautions must be taken to keep this treatment away from children, especially after opening. (6) Immediate-release oral morphine remains the standard treatment for breakthrough pain in patients receiving opiate therapy. If it is inadequate, oral transmucosal fentanyl may sometimes be slightly better.
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PMID:Oral transmucosal fentanyl: new preparation. For breakthrough cancer pain when morphine fails. 1219 62


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