Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012833 (dizziness)
 9,689 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous research has indicated that reports of panic attacks are associated with a different set of symptoms to reports of generalized anxiety. The present two studies attempted to extend these findings to specific (situational) fears. In Study 1, 55 subjects with panic disorder were compared on their symptom profile during their panic attacks to 65 subjects with other anxiety disorders [simple phobia, social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)] during response to their feared cue. The results indicated that, compared to subjects with other anxiety disorders, subjects with panic disorder were more likely to report parasthesias, dizziness, faintness, unreality, dyspnea, fear of dying and fear of going crazy/losing control. In Study 2, 90 subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for both panic disorder and another anxiety disorder (simple phobia, social phobia or OCD) were compared on the symptoms experienced during their unexpected panic attacks and their situationally-triggered fears respectively. Combining the symptoms found in Study 1 to differ between the groups into a linear combination, there was a significant interaction found between the type of fear reaction (panic attack vs cued fear response) and symptom group. Taken together, these findings suggest that reports of unexpected panic attacks associated with panic disorder are characterized by a different symptom profile to reports of specific fear reactions that are part of a phobic disorder or OCD.
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PMID:Differences in reported symptom profile between panic disorder and other DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. 154 Jan 12

Panic disorder, a severe anxiety disorder, affects 1-2% of the general population, mostly women 20-40 years old. A 29-year-old married white women with no children presented with an 18-month history of panic attacks. Episodes of abrupt anxiety lasted 5-20 minutes and occurred 3-4 times per week accompanied by rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, and a fear of losing control. She was evaluated by a cardiologist several months earlier for episodic tachycardia, but the tests were normal. She was taking .5 mg of lorazepam po 2-3 times per month, which relieved her anxiety. Her only other medication was 1 tablet/day of Triphasal oral contraceptive (OC). She was started on treatment with desipramine 10 mg, and the dose gradually increased to 60 mg/day which she was unable to tolerate because of marked anorexia; lorazepam .5 mg bid and 10.5-mg tablet p.r.n. was continued to address excess activation secondary to the tricyclic depressant. She had changed from a constant dose OC (Lo/Ovral) to a triphasic preparation (Triphasil) 6 months prior to the onset of her panic attacks. The OC was halted, and she has experienced no subsequent panic attacks or avoidance behaviors during 2 years of follow-up. In the 2nd case a 39-year-old married white woman with 3 children presented with a 3-year history of panic attacks. She was given Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 1 tablet/day for about 8 months prior to her 1st panic attack, which occurred while she was driving. Her medications were clorazepate 3.75 mg b.i. d. and Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 1 tablet g.d. for 21 days of each month; she had been taking both since October 1984. Her father and brother had exhibited some driving avoidance behaviors. Because the triphasic OC preparation possible precipitated her panic disorder with agoraphobia, she was changed to Ortho-Novum 1/35 OC which has markedly improved her anxiety for 2 years now.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and panic disorder. 759 8

The selective serotonin-1A receptor partial agonist anxiolytics represent a new class of pharmacologic agents that have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). These compounds offer a completely different pharmacologic approach to this disorder from previous medications. The selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT1A) anxiolytics buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, and SM-3997 have several important new and unique features that will be reviewed in this paper. These features include no cross-tolerance with alcohol or benzodiazepines, no evidence of abuse or misuse potential, and no withdrawal symptoms or rebound anxiety on cessation of therapy. The 5-HT1A anxiolytics have no muscle relaxant, sedative, or anticonvulsant properties and do not impair psychomotor functioning. They do have a slower onset of effect than standard benzodiazepines-clinical response is usually noted in 1-3 weeks. The side effect profile is quite different from that of the benzodiazepines. It includes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and restlessness. Some patients with GAD who have received chronic (greater than 1 month) benzodiazepine therapy may not respond as well to these compounds initially as will patients with no prior benzodiazepine treatment, especially if the benzodiazepine has been discontinued only recently. These compounds, buspirone in particular, have been shown to have excellent maintenance and prophylactic properties and to be well tolerated with long-term therapy (greater than 3 months). Because of their unique mechanism of action and side effect profile, and no evidence of misuse or abuse potential or interference with mental acuity, these compounds represent a definite advance in the pharmacologic management of GAD.
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PMID:Serotonin-1A anxiolytics: an overview. 256 39

Sixty (60) out-patients with DSM III generalized anxiety disorder were treated after a 1-week placebo washout in a 4-week double-blind study with buspirone, diazepam and placebo; after which they were withdrawn abruptly from medication or assigned to a 2-week period of placebo. The HAM-A score was significantly lower in the diazepam group at week 2 (p less than .02) and the buspirone group at week 3 (p less than .04) as compared to the placebo group. A similar pattern was evident in the female group, but not in the male group. Dizziness was the most prominent adverse effect in the buspirone group, whereas the diazepam group had more adverse effects including sedation, fatigue, dizziness and impaired concentration. Withdrawal symptoms were more evident in the diazepam group than the buspirone group.
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PMID:Buspirone: anxiolytic? 286 95

In 984 patients with generalized anxiety disorder who received buspirone in double-blind studies, the incidence of drowsiness (9 percent) did not differ significantly from that (10 percent) reported in 334 patients who received placebo. A probability value of p less than or equal to 0.10 was the criterion for significance. The incidence of drowsiness in buspirone-treated patients was significantly less than that in each of the groups receiving diazepam (32 percent), clorazepate (26 percent), lorazepam (58 percent), or alprazolam (43 percent). The side effects that did occur significantly more frequently in the buspirone group than in the placebo group were dizziness (9 percent versus 2 percent), headache (7 percent versus 2 percent), nervousness (4 percent versus 1 percent), light-headedness (4 percent versus less than 1 percent), diarrhea (3 percent versus less than 1 percent), paresthesia (2 percent versus less than 1 percent), excitation (2 percent versus less than 1 percent), and sweating/clamminess (1 percent versus 0 percent). The severities of these effects were predominantly rated as only mild or moderate. Fatigue occurred less frequently in buspirone-treated patients than in those receiving any of the benzodiazepines, and weakness occurred more frequently in diazepam-treated patients. Depression occurred less frequently in buspirone-treated patients than in those receiving clorazepate, diazepam, or lorazepam. Impotence occurred only in clorazepate- and lorazepam-treated patients. Decreased libido occurred more frequently in diazepam-treated patients, whereas increased libido was more frequent in clorazepate-treated patients. Nausea was reported more frequently in buspirone-treated patients than in those receiving clorazepate, diazepam, or alprazolam; diarrhea occurred more frequently in the buspirone group than in the diazepam group. The mean daily doses of the various treatments were buspirone, 20 mg; diazepam, 20 mg; clorazepate, 24 mg; lorazepam, 3 mg; and alprazolam, 1.5 mg. In an open-field study in West Germany involving 5,414 patients, gastrointestinal-related complaints were the most frequently reported side effects.
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PMID:Review of the side-effect profile of buspirone. 287 Jun 41

Psychiatric assessments were made of patients with psychogenic dizziness (N = 17) and severe tinnitus (N = 24) using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). The psychogenic dizziness group had a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders (100%), the majority being anxiety disorders (94%), particularly diagnoses in the panic-agoraphobic cluster (76%). The severe tinnitus group had a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders (63%) with a predominance of mood disorders (46%). Those tinnitus patients with no hearing loss tended to have more diagnoses per patient and more anxiety disorders than those with hearing loss. Although this was not a random sampling of these patients populations, the results are of sufficient magnitude to warrant further studies. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of treatment and future research.
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PMID:Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with psychogenic dizziness or severe tinnitus. 322 85

Somatization implies a tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress in the form of somatic symptoms and to seek medical help for them. So defined, it is neither a disorder nor a diagnostic category but a generic term for a set of experimental, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics of patients who complain of physical symptoms in the absence of relevant medical findings. Such patients are ubiquitous in all medical care settings, pose difficult diagnostic and management problems, and overutilize health care thus contributing to its cost. Somatization may be transient or persistent, and may or may not be associated with a diagnosable medical or psychiatric disorder. The most common concurrence of somatization is with affective and anxiety disorders, and, to a lesser degree, the somatoform disorders. Persistent somatization poses a serious clinical, social, and economic problem and hence early identification of potential chronic somatizers should be attempted to avoid its development. Pain, fatigue, dizziness, and dyspnea are the commonest symptoms. Etiology of somatization is multifactorial and so should be its management.
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PMID:Somatization: the experience and communication of psychological distress as somatic symptoms. 333 84

A double-blind study was performed in 83 patients with generalized anxiety disorder comparing daily doses of 5 and 10 mg ritanserin (a selective antagonist of serotonine S2 receptors) versus placebo and 4 mg lorazepam as reference drug. Patients treated with 10 mg ritanserin or 4 mg lorazepam improved significantly better (p less than 0.05) after two weeks than those treated with placebo. On the other hand a daily dose of 5 mg ritanserin appeared to be not superior to placebo. Patients treated with 4 mg lorazepam complained significantly more about sedation and dizziness than patients treated with 10 mg ritanserin (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:The influence of ritanserin, a serotonin antagonist, in anxiety disorders: a double-blind placebo-controlled study versus lorazepam. 393 Nov 7

The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosage, administration, and availability of buspirone hydrochloride, a novel nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, are reviewed. Buspirone hydrochloride is an azaspirodecanedione anxiolytic. The exact mechanism of its anxiolytic action is unknown. It does not appear to influence the benzodiazepine-gamma-aminobutyric acid-chloride ionophore complex as the benzodiazepines do. It antagonizes striatal-dopamine autoreceptors, and it may act as a midbrain modulator exerting selective anxiolytic activity. Buspirone is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Administration with food appears to slow the rate of drug absorption and increase the amount of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation. Buspirone's elimination half-life is 2.5-3 hours. It is extensively metabolized, with less than 1% of an administered dose excreted as unchanged drug. The contribution of its metabolites to its anxiolytic effects is unknown. Buspirone has been shown to be as effective as diazepam and clorazepate and more effective than placebo in the treatment of generalized anxiety. Buspirone lacks the sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsive effects of the benzodiazepines. Its adverse effects are minimal, with dizziness, nervousness, and headaches as the most common side effects. Buspirone does not impair driving skills, interact with alcohol or concomitant medications, or produce physiologic dependence. It appears to have little potential for abuse. The average daily adult dose is 15-20 mg. Buspirone hydrochloride is an effective drug in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder that is comparable with the conventional benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
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PMID:Buspirone, a novel nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic. 615 Jul 81

In a double-blind crossover study the beta-adrenergic blocking drug propranolol hydrochloride reduced symptoms in 17 of 26 patients with chronic anxiety disorders. Both somatic and psychic symptoms improved as judged by patient and observer ratings. The most frequent side effects (dizziness, fatigue, and insomnia) were difficult to distinguish from anxiety symptoms and were, for the most part, mild. The therapeutic and side effects observed suggested CNS activity of the drug. Although propranolol is of benefit to patients with anxiety, its efficacy, compared with that of other antianxiety drugs, has not been established.
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PMID:Propranolol in chronic anxiety disorders. A controlled study. 744 18


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