Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012739 (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
 8,673 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to effectively treat shock the physician must understand the physiology of shock. Shock patients may have a low, normal, or high arterial blood pressure, and the blood volume may be below normal, normal, or above normal. Shock is not necessarily accompanied by low arterial pH or low peripheral resistance. Most cases of acute traumatic and hemorrhagic shock show a high arterial pH, partly due to the blowing off of CO2, despite an elevated blood lactic acid level. Most patients also show a very high resistance. A factor that all shock patients have in common is a deficient capillary perfusion, or an insufficient amount of blood flowing through the capillaries. The cornerstone of the treatment of hypovolemic shock is the administration of adequate amounts of the right kinds of intravenous fluids. Focus is on classification of shock (reversible shock, irreversible or fatal shock, hypovolemia), the heart in shock, respiration, drugs (steroids, vasoactive drugs), and disseminated intravascular coagulation. If edema is a problem, diuretics may be helpful. Antibiotics for infection are very important in sepsis and septic shock. Supportive drugs are also important. Steroids and vasoactive drugs have a secondary place in the treatment of shock, and they should be used when these treatments have failed to produce an adequate blood pressure and urinary output.
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PMID:Treatment of shock. 44 80

The effect on colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of heparinizing body fluids was estimated with a low compliant osmometer, using Diaflo PM-30 or PM-10 membranes (Amicon, Lexington, Mass., USA). It was found that collecting and storing samples in preheparinized glass capillaries may increase COP by up to 4.0 mmHg. Measurements on heparin and protein solutions, separately and mixed, show that these macromolecules have a mutually potentiating effect on COP, probably by excluding part of the water as distribution space for the other molecular species. While this 'heparin error' varies among various types and batches of capillaries (Vitrex, Modulohm I/S), the content of heparin in some batches appears to be two to three times greater than the declared minimum. Alternatively, the excess COP may result from addition of other water-soluble macromolecules in the heparinization process. Even if some batches do not give appreciable error, we recommend to avoid preheparinized capillaries for measurement of COP. Both defibrination, and the amount of heparin needed to anticoagulate macro blood samples, have insignificant effect on COP. Loss of CO2 by diffusion from separated plasma may increase pH towards 9.5. Concomitantly, COP increased by 2.1 mmHg per pH-unit. If plasma or serum samples are capped within some minutes after separation, they may be stored for weeks at 4 degrees C in polyethylene tubes without appreciable change of COP.
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PMID:Measurement of colloid osmotic pressure in body fluids: errors caused by preheparinized glass capillaries and by CO2 loss. 311 Sep 36

Treatment of severe acute respiratory failure with extracorporeal gas exchange necessitating near complete systemic anticoagulation requires a delicate balance to be maintained between disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemorrhagic complications. The present study describes our first experience using a heparin coated extracorporeal artificial lung and circuitry during clinical extracorporeal CO2 removal. In spite of a partial thromboplastin time and activated clotting time within or close to the normal range, neither laboratory evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by the extracorporeal circuit nor thrombi in the pulmonary vasculature were found. Scanning electron microscopy of the heparin coated hollow fiber gas exchanger demonstrated only minor deposits on the surface. Use of a heparin coated artificial lung may enhance the margin of safety of extracorporeal gas exchange and ultimately broaden its indications.
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PMID:Extracorporeal CO2-removal with a heparin coated artificial lung. 322 Oct 12

Capnocytophaga canimorsus, formerly designated Dysgonic fermenter 2 (DF-2) was first described in 1976; it is a commensal bacterium of dogs and cats saliva, which can be transmitted to man by bite (54% of cases), scratch (8.5%), or mere exposure to animals (27%). We present a review of the clinical and microbiological characteristics of the Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections and 12 cases of infection in France. Over 100 cases of human infections have been reported, mainly septicemia in patients with diminished defences, due to splenectomy (33%), alcohol abuse (24%), immunosuppression (5%). However 40% of septicemia occur in patients with no predisposing conditions. Other infections are less frequent: meningitis, endocarditis, arthritis, pleural and localized eye infections. These infections range from mild to fulminating disease, with shock, respiratory distress, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Dermatological lesions (macular or maculopapular rash, purpura) or gangrene are common. This fastidious Gram-negative bacterium grows slowly on chocolate agar or on heart infusion agar with 5% rabbit blood incubated in 5% CO2. In spite of a great susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics, the mortality is of 30%. Because of the severity of these infections, taking into account this organism in the management of bites is necessary, especially in patients with predisposing factors.
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PMID:Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections in human: review of the literature and cases report. 890 16

Unicellular green algae and cyanobacteria have mechanism to actively concentrate dissolved inorganic carbon into the cells, only if they are grown with air levels of CO2. The carbon concentration mechanisms are commonly known as "CCM" or "DIC-pumps". The DIC-pumps are environmental adaptation that function to actively transport and accumulate inorganic carbon (HCO3- and CO2; Ci) within the cell and then uses this Ci pool to actively increase the concentration of CO2 at the site of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), the primary CO2-fixing enzyme. The current working model for dissolved inorganic carbon concentration mechanism in unicellular green algae includes several isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA), and ATPase driven active transporters at the plasmalemma and at the inner chloroplast envelopes. In the past fifteen years, significant progress has been made in isolating and characterizing the various isoforms of carbonic anhydrase at the biochemical and molecular level. However, we have an inadequate understanding of active transporters that are located on the plasmalemma and at the chloroplast envelopes. In this mini-review we focus on certain aspects of the induction, function and significance of the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration mechanisms in aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms.
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PMID:Carbon concentration mechanisms in photosynthetic microorganisms. 1135 25

In the cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625, the yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence decreased in response to the transport-mediated accumulation of intracellular inorganic carbon (CO2 + HCO3- + CO32- = dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC]) and subsequently increased to a near-maximum level following photosynthetic depletion of the DIC pool. When DIC accumulation was mediated by the active Na+-dependent HCO3- transport system, the initial rate of fluorescence quenching was found to be highly correlated with the initial rate of H14CO3- transport (r = 0.96), and the extent of fluorescence quenching was correlated with the size of the internal DIC pool (r = 0.99). Na+-dependent HCO3- transport-mediated accumulation of DIC caused fluorescence quenching in either the presence or absence of the CO2 fixation inhibitor glycolaldehyde, indicating that quenching was not due simply to NADP+ reduction. The concentration of Na+ required to attain one-half the maximum rate of H14CO3- transport, at 20 [mu]M external HCO3-, declined from 9 to 1 mM as the external pH increased from 8 to 9.6. A similar pH dependency was observed when fluorescence quenching was used to determine the kinetic constants for HCO3- transport. In cells capable of Na+-dependent HCO3- transport, both the initial rate and extent of fluorescence quenching increased with increasing external HCO3-, saturating at about 150 [mu]M. In contrast Na+-independent HCO3- transport-mediated fluorescence quenching saturated at an HCO3- concentration of about 10 [mu]M. It was concluded that measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence emission provided a convenient, but indirect, means of following Na+-dependent HCO3- transport and accumulation in Synechococcus.
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PMID:Quenching of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Response to Na+-Dependent HCO3- Transport-Mediated Accumulation of Inorganic Carbon in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625. 1223 26

The biogeochemical processes governing leachate attenuation inside a landfill leachate plume (Banisveld, the Netherlands) were revealed and quantified using the 1D reactive transport model PHREEQC-2. Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was simulated assuming first-order oxidation of two DOC fractions with different reactivity, and was coupled to reductive dissolution of iron oxide. The following secondary geochemical processes were required in the model to match observations: kinetic precipitation of calcite and siderite, cation exchange, proton buffering and degassing. Rate constants for DOC oxidation and carbonate mineral precipitation were determined, and other model parameters were optimized using the nonlinear optimization program PEST by means of matching hydrochemical observations closely (pH, DIC, DOC, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, Fe(II), SO4, Cl, CH4, saturation index of calcite and siderite). The modelling demonstrated the relevance and impact of various secondary geochemical processes on leachate plume evolution. Concomitant precipitation of siderite masked the act of iron reduction. Cation exchange resulted in release of Fe(II) from the pristine anaerobic aquifer to the leachate. Degassing, triggered by elevated CO2 pressures caused by carbonate precipitation and proton buffering at the front of the plume, explained the observed downstream decrease in methane concentration. Simulation of the carbon isotope geochemistry independently supported the proposed reaction network.
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PMID:Reactive transport modelling of biogeochemical processes and carbon isotope geochemistry inside a landfill leachate plume. 1513 77

The effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on inhibition of photosynthesis was studied in two species of marine picoplankton with different carbon concentration mechanisms: Nannochloropsis gaditana Lubian possesses a bicarbonate uptake system and Nannochloris atomus Butcher a CO2 active transport system. Biological weighting functions (BWFs) for inhibition of photosynthesis by UVR and photosynthesis vs irradiance (PI) curves for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were estimated for both species grown with an enriched CO2 supply (high dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC]: 1% CO2 in air) and in atmospheric CO2 levels (low DIC: 0.03% CO2). The response to UVR and PAR exposures was different in each species depending on the DIC treatment. Under PAR exposure, rates of maximum photosynthesis were similar between treatments in N. gaditana. However, the cultures growing in high DIC had lower sensitivity to UVR than the low DIC cultures. In contrast, N. atomus had higher rates of photosynthesis under PAR exposure with high DIC, but the BWFs were not significantly different between treatments. The results suggest that one or more processes in N. gaditana associated with HCO3- transport are target(s) for UV photodamage because there was relatively less UV inhibition of the high DIC-grown cultures in which inorganic carbon fixation is supplied by passive CO2 diffusion. Time courses of photochemical efficiency in PAR, during UV exposure and during subsequent recovery in PAR, were determined using a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. The results were consistent with the BWFs. In all time courses, a steady state was obtained after an initial decrease, consistent with a dynamic balance between damage and repair as found for other phytoplankton. However, the relationship of response to exposure showed a steep decline in activity that is consistent with a constant rate of repair. A novel feature of a model developed from a constant repair rate is an explicit threshold for photosynthetic response to UV.
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PMID:Interaction of UV radiation and inorganic carbon supply in the inhibition of photosynthesis: spectral and temporal responses of two marine picoplankters. 1553 99

Simulated experiments coupled with ocean biota dynamics were performed in laboratory. In these experiments, effects of heavy metal (copper and cadmium) coupled with Ulca pertusa on marine inorganic carbon system and CO2 fluxes were investigated. The results indicated that concentration changes (delta) of components in carbon dioxide system with time scale were correlated with the concentrations and kinds of heavy metal. In copper groups and cadmium groups (0.1 micromol x L(-1) and 1 micromol x L(-1)), DIC HCO3- and PCO2 significantly decreased comparing to the control experiment data( p = 0.01). However, when the heavy metal infusions were higher than the "critical concentration", the above mentioned parameters increased with time scale and their increments followed the uptrend with increasing heavy metal concentrations. The "critical concentration" in copper groups was much lower than that in cadmium groups, which attributed to the tolerance diversity of Ulca pertusa to copper and cadmium. Furthermore, CO2 fluxes under the influences of heavy metal were also regularly changed with time. Sea waters with low infusions of heavy metal represented as sinks to the atmosphere CO2. These sinks would probably convert into CO2 sources after a period of time. Sea waters with comparatively high amount of heavy metal were always to be CO2 sources, and their release fluxes of CO2 augmented along with the increasing infusions of heavy metal.
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PMID:[Effects of heavy metal (copper and cadmium) coupled with Ulca pertusa on marine inorganic carbon system in simulated experiments]. 1730 38

The impact of water quality changes in River Changjiang (formally known as the Yangtze River) on dissolved CO2 and silicate concentrations and seasonal carbon flux in the past several decades (1960s-2000) was evaluated, based on monitoring data from hydrographic gauge. It was found that dissolved CO2 and silicate in Changjiang decreased dramatically during this decades, as opposed to a marked increase in nutrient (e.g. NO3-) concentrations. Our analyses revealed that dissolved CO2 in Changjiang was over-saturated with the atmosphere CO2, and its concentration had showed a declining trend since the 1960s, despite that fluvial DIC flux had maintained stable. Analysis results also suggested that the decrease in dissolved CO2 concentration was attributed to changes on the riverine trophic level and river damming activities in the Changjiang drainage basin. Due to the economic innovation (e.g. agriculture and industry development) across the Changjiang watershed, fertilizers application and river regulations have significantly altered the original state of the river. Its ecosystem and hydrological condition have been evolving toward the "lacustrine/reservoir" autotrophic type prevailing with plankton. Accordingly, average CO2 diffusing flux to the atmosphere from the river had been reduced by three-fourth from the 1960s to 1990 s, with the flux value being down to 14.2 mol.m-2.yr-1 in the 1990 s. For a rough estimate, approximately 15.3 Mt of carbon was degassed annually into the atmosphere from the entire Changjiang drainage basin in the 1990 s.
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PMID:Human impact on the historical change of CO2 degassing flux in River Changjiang. 1768 86


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