Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0012739 (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
 8,673 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 22-year-old man with heavy, generalized exposure to a toluene-based paint developed extensive chemical burns on approximately 71% of his total body surface area followed by acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation that led to death. Although the skin damage initially appeared mild, it was followed by blistering, extensive necrosis, and massive loss of fluid. Histological examination of the skin showed findings similar to those observed in second-degree thermal burns. Although the most common toxic effects of toluene are depression of central nervous system activity, irritation of mucous membranes, and hepatic or renal dysfunctions, emergency physicians should be aware of the risk of skin toxicity. Therefore, it is important to irrigate the exposed skin immediately and vigorously.
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PMID:Extensive chemical burns from toluene. 817 50

A systematic investigation of solid-phase peptide synthesis at elevated temperatures using the well-known aggregating peptide acyl carrier protein (65-74) and the unsulfated cholecystokinin-8 as models is presented. The main goal of the investigation was the determination of an optimized experimental condition for the synthesis of unsulfated cholecystokinin-12. Of the elevated temperatures used, 60 degrees C was the most appropriate. The efficiency of N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole (DIC/HOBt) in 25% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/toluene at this temperature was similar to that of 2-(1-H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU). Interestingly, this coupling reagent was more efficient than TBTU, benzotriazol-1-yl oxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium and O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate in N-methylpyrrolidone. 25% DMSO/toluene proved to be suitable for the swelling of the resins phenylacetamidomethyl, methylbenzhydrylamine, hydroxymethylphenoxy, 4-(benzyloxy)-2',4'-dimethoxybenzhydrylamine, 4-(2',4'-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxy and (4-succinylamido-2',2',4'-trimethoxy)benzhydrylamine. Those polymeric supports were fully compatible with the approach. Under the optimized synthesis condition found in these studies (temperature of 60 degrees C, DIC/HOBt as coupling reagent and 25% DMSO/toluene as solvent), no difficulties related to the aggregation phenomenon were encountered. These data confirm the usefulness of solid-phase peptide synthesis at elevated temperatures and extend its applicability.
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PMID:Solid-phase peptide synthesis at elevated temperatures: a search for and optimized synthesis condition of unsulfated cholecystokinin-12. 927 94

Several conditions have been used in the coupling reaction of stepwise SPPS at elevated temperature (SPPS-ET), but we have elected the following as our first choice: 2.5-fold molar excess of 0.04-0.08 M Boc or Fmoc-amino acid derivative, equimolar amount of DIC/HOBt (1:1) or TBTU/DIPEA (1:3), 25% DMSO/toluene, 60 degrees C, conventional heating. In this study, aimed to further examine enantiomerization under such condition and study the applicability of our protocols to microwave-SPPS, peptides containing L-Ser, L-His, L-Cys and/or L-Met were manually synthesized traditionally, at 60 degrees C using conventional heating and at 60 degrees C using microwave heating. Detailed assessment of all crude peptides (in their intact and/or fully hydrolyzed forms) revealed that, except for the microwave-assisted coupling of L-Cys, all other reactions occurred with low levels of amino acid enantiomerization (<2%). Therefore, herein we (i) provide new evidences that our protocols for SPPS at 60 degrees C using conventional heating are suitable for routine use, (ii) demonstrate their appropriateness for microwave-assisted SPPS by Boc and Fmoc chemistries, (iii) disclose advantages and limitations of the three synthetic approaches employed. Thus, this study complements our past research on SPPS-ET and suggests alternative conditions for microwave-assisted SPPS.
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PMID:Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis at 60 degrees C: alternative conditions with low enantiomerization. 1982 81