Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011991 (diarrhea)
 57,543 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four weanling swine fed for 4 weeks a commercial ration adequate in selenium and vitamin E, but supplemented with 0.5% silver acetate, developed lesions typical of selenium-vitamin E deficiency. Clinically, the pigs fed this high level of silver had anorexia, diarrhea, and growth depression; 3 of 4 pigs died. At necropsy, hepatic lesions of hepatosis dietetica were present in 4 of 4 silver-fed pigs, and 1 of 4 pigs had cardiac and skeletal muscle lesions characteristic of selenium-vitamin E deficiency. Development of lesions and mortality was prevented in 2 pigs fed the silver diet supplemented with alpha-tocopherol (100 IU/kg of diet), but not in 2 pigs fed the ration supplemented with selenium as selenite (1 ppm). Four pigs fed a lower dose level of silver (0.2% silver acetate) for 6 weeks failed to develop clinical or pathologic features of selenium-vitamin E deficiency. However, hepatic selenium content was significantly increased in pigs fed the silver-supplemented ration.
 ...
PMID:Induction of lesions of selenium-vitamin E deficiency in pigs fed silver. 99 68

Microbiological, biochemical and pathological data collected from 293 calves which were either stillborn, or born alive and either failed to breathe or failed to breathe for more than about 10 minutes are presented. No bacteria were recovered from 96 of the calves (32.7 per cent), and bacteria which were considered significant were isolated from only four (1.4 per cent). Evidence of leptospiral infection was found in 75 calves (25.5 per cent). Of 64 calves examined for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) antigens, two were positive for BVD virus and none for IBR virus. The mean (+/- sd) liver vitamin E and kidney selenium concentrations, determined in 148 of the calves, were 2.0 +/- 0.76 micrograms/g wet matter and 0.47 +/- 0.17 micrograms/g wet matter, respectively. The thyroid iodine concentration in 15 of 71 calves (21 per cent) was less than 300 micrograms/g wet matter and the mean (+/- sd) thyroid weight of 266 of the calves was 18.5 +/- 11.6 g. Evidence of severe trauma was found in 19 of the calves (6.5 per cent). Histological findings included thyroid epithelial hyperplasia, hepatic haemosiderosis, erythrophagocytosis in the spleen, perivascular haemorrhage in brain and adrenal glands, and accumulation of leucocytes in blood vessels.
 ...
PMID:Stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome: preliminary pathological, microbiological and biochemical findings. 151 26

Red deer calves dying at 24 to 72 hours old were infected with cryptosporidia. The clinical signs were extreme depression and weakness, but they did not consistently have diarrhoea. One calf was severely uraemic, and evidence from subsequent cases suggested that cryptosporidium infection in very young red deer calves may result in terminal uraemia. The possibility of intrauterine infection is considered. The factors which could have predisposed to the outbreak of infection were investigated; the calves were deficient in vitamin E despite having received adequate colostrum.
 ...
PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in newborn red deer (Cervus elaphus). 156 43

Incidence, duration, and severity of diarrhea and respiratory symptoms were monitored weekly for 1 y in 15,419 children 6-60 mo of age in a randomized, placebo-controlled, masked clinical trial conducted in southern India. Half the children received weekly doses of 8.7 mumol (2500 microgram) vitamin A and 46 mumol (20 mg) vitamin E (treated) and the other half, 46 mumol vitamin E (control). Medical and ocular examinations and anthropometric measurements were obtained before and after 52 wk of intervention. Ocular examinations also were obtained after 26 wk. Supplements were delivered weekly from calibrated dispenser bottles by community health volunteers who also recorded each mother's recall of daily morbidity of her child during the previous week. Baseline characteristics of treated and control subjects were similar and documented a prevalence of 11% xerophthalmia and 72% undernutrition. Weekly treatment with the low-dose vitamin A supplement did not influence the incidence, severity, or duration of diarrhea or respiratory infections and did not influence linear or ponderal growth.
 ...
PMID:Diarrhea, respiratory infections, and growth are not affected by a weekly low-dose vitamin A supplement: a masked, controlled field trial in children in southern India. 187 12

Patients (n = 15) with metastatic malignant melanoma, hypernephroma, and colon carcinoma received a three-phase adoptive immunotherapy protocol: phase 1, 10(5) units (high-dose) interleukin-2 (IL-2) iv every 8 h or 1 mg/m2 continuous intravenous infusion; phase 2, 6.5 d rest + leukapheresis; phase 3, 4 d of high-dose IL-2 plus three infusions of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells. Toxicities of treatment included fever, chills, tachycardia, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, and fluid retention. Patients entering the trial were not malnourished, and mean plasma ascorbic acid concentrations before therapy were normal (36.3 +/- 14.2 mumol/L). Mean concentrations dropped by 80% after the first phase of treatment with high-dose IL-2 alone (to 7.4 +/- 4.5 mumol/L). Mean plasma ascorbic acid concentrations remained severely depleted (between 4.5 and 7.4 mumol/L) throughout the remainder of the 15-d treatment. Ascorbic acid concentrations became undetectable (less than 2.8 mumol/L) in 12/15 patients during this time. Blood pantothenate and plasma vitamin E concentrations remained within normal limits in all patients tested throughout the phases of therapy.
 ...
PMID:Hypovitaminosis C in patients treated with high-dose interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. 196 85

This study was undertaken with the aim of providing adequate calories for optimal growth in low birth weight (LBW) by fortifying human milk with medium chain triglycerides and sugar. Twenty-one LBW babies with birth weight between 1.0 and 1.75 kg and gestational age 28-36 weeks constituted the study material. They were administered expressed human milk, initially with gavage and then by spoon. Coconut oil and sugar were added to increase the caloric density to (0.8 cal/ml). The aim was to achieve a caloric intake of 200 cal/kg. This was achieved between 6 and 11 days of birth. Additionally, vitamin C (50 mg) and vitamin E (25 IU/kg/day) were administered. Weight was recorded daily to the nearest 50 g. Head circumference was measured weekly using a non-stretch tape measure. Blood urea nitrogen was measured once the neonate started taking high calorie feeds. Stools were examined daily for the presence of fat globules and reducing substances and for the pH. All but one neonate tolerated the feeds well and there were no complications, such as vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal distension, or necrotizing enterocolitis. The weight gain recorded was 17.29 +/- 5.30 g/day or 13.95 +/- 5.52 g/kg/day. The study demonstrates that optimal growth can be achieved within the metabolic tolerance of low birth weight infants by administering fortified high calorie breast milk.
 ...
PMID:Fortified high calorie human milk for optimal growth of low birth weight babies. 272

Adoptive immunotherapy of human cancer was investigated in our institution as part of a National Cancer Institute extramural group study. This treatment, for patients with metastatic malignant melanoma, hypernephroma, and colon carcinoma, consisted of three phases: (a) 5 days of i.v. high-dose (10(5) units/kg every 8 h) interleukin 2, (b) 6 1/2 days of rest plus leukapheresis; and (c) 4 days of high-dose interleukin 2 plus three infusions of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells. Toxicities included fever, chills, tachycardia, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, and fluid retention. Ascorbic acid is known to be important to cell-mediated immunity, and it has been reported to be depleted during physiologically stressful events. Therefore, we determined plasma ascorbic acid levels in patients (n = 11) before adoptive immunotherapy and before and after Phases 1, 2, and 3 of treatment. Patients entering the trial were not malnourished. Mean plasma ascorbic acid levels were normal (0.64 +/- 0.25 mg/dl) before therapy. Mean levels dropped by 80% after the first phase of treatment with high-dose interleukin 2 alone (0.13 +/- 0.08 mg/dl). Mean plasma ascorbic acid levels remained severely depleted (0.08 to 0.13 mg/dl) throughout the remainder of the treatment, becoming undetectable (less than 0.05 mg/dl) in eight of 11 patients during this time. Values obtained from 24-h urine collections on two of two patients indicated that ascorbate was not excreted in the urine. Plasma ascorbic acid normalized in three of three patients tested 1 mo after the completion of treatment. Unlike the results for ascorbic acid, blood pantothenate and plasma vitamin E remained within normal limits in all 11 patients throughout the phases of therapy. Responders (n = 3) differed from nonresponders (n = 8) in that plasma ascorbate levels in the former recovered to at least 0.1 mg/dl (frank clinical scurvy) during Phases 2 and 3, whereas levels in the latter fell below this level.
 ...
PMID:Severe hypovitaminosis C occurring as the result of adoptive immunotherapy with high-dose interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. 349 58

Two patients with the syndrome of Ramsay Hunt (dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, DCM), associated with malabsorption due to adult coeliac disease, are reported. Both presented with progressive cerebellar ataxia, action myoclonus, and epilepsy. One had gastrointestinal symptoms (recurrent diarrhea and weight loss which responded satisfactorily to a gluten-free diet), but the other did not. In both patients, jejunal biopsy revealed subtotal villous atrophy; serum folate and vitamin E level were also reduced. Neither a gluten-free diet nor vitamin supplements improved the neurological picture. However, some symptomatic relief was afforded by treatment with clonazepam, sodium valproate, carbamazepine, and piracetam. It could be argued that the association between these two disorders is coincidental. However, since we have found this combination in 2 of 14 consecutive cases with DCM, a causal relationship seems likely, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Patients with the Ramsay Hunt syndrome should be investigated for malabsorption, and also undergo small intestinal biopsy.
 ...
PMID:Ramsay Hunt syndrome and coeliac disease: a new association? 847 11

Copper deficiency anemia occurs in some specific situations if supplemental copper is not given: low birth-weight premature infants fed milk only, protracted total parenteral nutrition, chronic diarrhea with severe malnutrition. Severe neutropenia precedes the onset of sideroblastic anemia. Iron therapy is ineffective. Diagnosis is established by the low serum copper concentrations, the delayed osseous anomalies, and the dramatic response to copper therapy. Low serum vitamin E concentrations may be found in low birth-weight premature infants aged six to ten weeks with hemolytic anemia. In such cases, vitamin E therapy is effective. This condition occurs more often in infants fed milk formulas without supplemental copper and in infants given high doses of iron. Whether vitamin E deficiency causes anemia is still an open question. Preventive vitamin E supplementation is only partly effective.
 ...
PMID:[Rare nutritional deficiency anemia: deficiency of copper and vitamin E]. 630 91

Familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia is a rare condition and is usually asymptomatic in heterozygotes. We report a case of hypobetalipoproteinaemia in an 8-month-old boy presenting with diarrhoea and failure to thrive since birth, who has been successfully treated with dietary restriction and large oral doses of vitamin E. This disease is one of the causes of chronic diarrhoea in childhood and its early treatment probably prevents irreversible retinal and nervous system lesions in later life.
 ...
PMID:Familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia. 654 37


1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>