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Query: UMLS:C0011991 (diarrhea)
 57,543 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of sucrose in oral rehydration therapy solutions in place of glucose was tested in 18 patients, 17 males and 1 female, admitted for treatment of severe dehydration due to diarrhea and vomiting. 13 of these patients were positive for cholera (1 with untyped vibrio), whereas 4 others cultured no recognizable pathogen. Patients received an average 1100 ml of intravenous fluids to keep the intravenous drip open during the oral therapy period, and the intravenous therapy was stopped or slowed during oral (or nasogastric) therapy. Average patient age was 32 years. Oral solutions contained either 48 or 38 gm of sucrose per liter plus (in all solutions) sodium chloride (4.2 gm/liter), sodium bicarbonate (2 gm/liter), and potassium citrate (2.7 gm/liter). Of the 18 patients, 15 could be maintained using this solution, but 3 developed massive increases in net fluid losses with increases in plasma specific gravity, which necessitated terminating the therapy. In these failure cases, plasma specific gravity increased over 1.031. Stool samples of 12 patients tested were found to contain reducing sugar: prehydrolysis 436 mg/100 ml, posthydrolysis 957 mg/100 ml. The breakdown of sucrose by intestinal enzymes or by bacteria accounts for the presence of reducing sugar in the stool. These data contrast with the rarity of treatment failures of oral glucose therapy; therefore, glucose is the preferable component in oral rehydration electrolyte solution therapy.
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PMID:Sucrose in oral therapy for cholera and related diarrhoeas. 4 61

In a clinical study of 32 infants with symptoms from infections with the human reovirus-like agent (R.I.A.) identified by electron microscopy (E.M.) of faecal extracts, a fairly consistent clinical pattern was found in 30 who had a gastroenteritis-like illness. The disease was usually mild, affecting mainly infants less than 2 years and males more commonly than females. The incubation period appeared to be 48-72 hours; and the onset was sudden, often with vomiting in the first 1-2 days of the illness. Loose yellow-green offensive stools without blood or mucus developed after a variable time, and there was often accompanying fever. Severe dehydration and electrolyte inbalance were uncommon; and with standard treatment the illness was uncomplicated, usually lasting 5-8 days. These features resemble those of previously reported winter epidemics of infantile non-bacterial gastroenteritis, and it is suggested that these epidemics were due to R.L.A. 2 infants in whom R.L.A. was identified in the stool did not have a gastroenteritis-like illness although both had protracted diarrhoea.
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PMID:Infantile gastroenteritis: a clinical study of reovirus-like agent infection. 5 64

20 consecutive child admissions to a Calcutta, India, hospital with acute diarrhea and moderate to severe clinical dehydration were studied. They were treated with an oral sucrose/electrolyte solution, which achieved complete hydration in 19 out of the 20 cases; 1 child did not respond and needed intravenous therapy. Vomiting, abdominal distension, and appearance of sugar in the stools during oral therapy did not interfer with its success. A child was considered to have recovered when the body weight had stabilized and when there was no further diarrhea, a process requiring 5-6 days. In addition, recovery involved restoration of plasma-bicarbonate to normal levels, falls in the hematocrit values and in the plasma specific gravidity, and complete clinical recovery. Solutions of glucose/electrolytes have already been used in the treatment of acute diarrhea. Replacement of glucose with sucrose is preferable since it is less expensive and more readily available in developing areas. This study showed that replacement of the glucose with sucrose is as effective.
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PMID:Evaluation of a sucrose/electrolyte solution for oral rehydration in acute infantile diarrhoea. 6 56

48 patients admitted to a rural Bangladesh hospital with dehydration secondary to diarrhea were examined for infection caused by (R.L.A.) reovirus-like agent or (E.T.E.C.) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The diagnosis of R.L.A. infection was established by electron microscopy of stool filtrates and by a 4-fold or greater rise in serum complement-fixing antibodies to the Nebraska calf diarrhea virus. Evidence of infection by heat-labile-toxin producing E.T.E.C. was sought by stool culture and serological testing using the adrenal cell tissue-culture system. Infection by heat-stable-toxin producing E.T.E.C. was sought by stool culture using the infant mouse test. 12 patients, all less than 2 years old, had evidence of R.L.A. infection, accounting for illness in 5% of the 22 patients under 2. None of these 22 had evidence of E.E.T.E.C. infection. R.L.A. diarrhea lasted 5-6 days, often led to serious dehydration, and was associated with vomiting and fever. 11 cases of E.T.E.C. diarrhea were detected, accounting for 56% of the cases of diarrhea in the 18 patients who were more than 10 years old. Diarrhea caused by E.T.E.C. was sudden in onset, shorter in duration, and caused pronounced dehydration. In a community survey, E.T.E.C. was isolated with equal frequency in the stools of control and case family members. Data suggest that E.T.E.C. is a common cause of adult diarrhea in Bangladesh while R.L.A. is a common cause of diarrhea in children.
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PMID:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Reovirus-like agent in rural Bangladesh. 7 38

51 infants aged 3 to 12 months with dehydration due to acute watery diarrhea were randomly assigned to either the glucose or sucrose oral therapy group on admission to the hospital. Oral rehydration and maintenance without any intravenous fluids was successful in 100% and 92% of patients in the glucose and sucrose groups respectively, as evidenced by the subjects' weight gain, fall in plasma proteins and hematocrit, and disappearance of clinical signs of dehydration. There was a greater improvement in mean HC03 in the glucose group than in the sucrose group. Both groups exhibited decline in mean serum osmolarity. The 2 oral treatment failures in the sucrose group occurred in patients who could not absorb the solutions adequately. This study shows that oral therapy with sucrose is less efficient than oral therapy with glucose. However, in areas where only sucrose is available and where knowledge and means of using oral therapy exist, the oral sucrose solution can be used to treat most infants with diarrhea and 5 to 10% dehydration.
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PMID:Comparison of sucrose with glucose in oral therapy of infant diarrhoea. 7 80

To combat dehydration from diarrhoea in Shamlapur, a village of 7021 people, multiple community-based points were set up by trained volunteers for the distribution of glucose-electrolyte oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets. The comparable adjoining village, Bordil, with a population of 3888, obtained its supply of ORS from Shamlapur. Surveilance for 2 years showed that although diarrhoeal attack-rates were equal, consumption of ORS after diarrhoea was 80% in Shamlapur and 38% in Bordil. There were 8 deaths in Shamlapur caused by diarrhoea and 23 in Bordil, showing an overall case fatality-rate of 0.5% and 2.4%, respectively, and a diarrhoeal mortality-rate per 1000 population of 0.6 and 2.9, respectively. The observation indicated that although it may not be possible to reduce diarrhoeal attack-rates, easy availability of rehydration solution and its early use after village-based training may save many lives, particularly those of children.
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PMID:Diarrhoeal mortality in two Bangladeshi villages with and without community-based oral rehydration therapy. 9 Sep 15

We have studied 5 infants with persistent severe diarrhea from birth and marked abnormalities of absorption associated with failure to thrive leading to death in 4 infants. Three had siblings who died and a sibling of a 4th is ill at present, all with a similar illness; 2 were the products of consanguinous marriages. Exhaustive investigation failed to identify a recognized disease entity in any patient. Steatorrhea, sugar malabsorption, dehydration, and acidosis were severe in all patients, whatever the diet fed. Total parenteral nutrition was used, but excessive stool water and electrolyte losses persisted even when nothing was fed by mouth. There was no evidence of a hematological or consistent immunological defect in any infant and no abnormalities of intestinal hormones were noted. In the duodenal mucosa of all infants we saw similar abnormalities characterized by villus atrophy, crypt hypoplasia without an increase in mitoses or inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria and in villus enterocytes absence of a brush border, increase in lysosome-like inclusions, and autophagocytosis. In 3 infants studied by marker perfusion of the proximal jejunum we found abnormal glucose absorption and a blunted response of Na+ absorption to actively transported nonelectrolytes; in 2 there was net secretion of Na+ and H2O in the basal state. Our patients evidently suffered from a congenital enteropathy which caused profound defects in their capacity to assimilate nutrients. The similar structural lesion seen in the small intestinal epithelium of all of our cases undoubtedly contributed to their compromised intestinal function, but the pathogenesis of this disorder, if indeed it is a single disease, remains obscure.
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PMID:Familial enteropathy: a syndrome of protracted diarrhea from birth, failure to thrive, and hypoplastic villus atrophy. 10 Mar 67

Acute folacin deficiency was studied in eight young squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Half of the animals were fed a semipurified deficient diet (no added folic acid) and half were fed a control diet (0.84 mg of added folic acid per kilogram of dry diet). Monkeys fed the deficient diet lost weight and suffered from diarrhea and dehydration leading to the death of one of the animals after 6 weeks. Folacin deficiency also was studied in six older animals fed diets containing varying levels of added folic acid. Monkeys fed diets containing 0.14 or 0.27 mg of added folic acid per kilogram of dry diet slowly developed alopecia, a scaly dermatitis, and a mild macrocytic anemia. When these animals were fed the deficient diet, they lost weight rapidly, the alopecia and dermatitis worsened, excretion of formiminoglutamic acid in the urine increased, and a severe megaloblastic anemia with profound intramedullary hemolysis developed. Deficient monkeys had low plasma and red blood cell folacin values but maintained normal plasma vitamin B12 values. Repletion of the animals fed the deficient diet with injections of folic acid reversed both the hematological and physical deterioration. The folacin requirement for maintenance of body weight in these animals was 28 micrograms of total folacin per kilogram of body weight per day. More than 75 micrograms of total folacin per kilogram of body weight/day may be needed to assure growth and normal hematological parameters and bone marrow cytology.
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PMID:Folacin deficiency and requirement in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciuresus). 11 40

3 separate prospective controlled studies in India and Canada were conducted to determine the immunologic benefits of breastfeeding. In the Indian rural study, 35 newborn infants breastfed exclusively for at least the first 2 months of life were studied (average duration of breastfeeding, 4.8 months; range, 2.2-8.5 months), along with 35 bottlefed controls (using fresh cow's or buffalo's milk) matched as to socioeconomic status, parental education, occupation and family size. In the Canadian urban study, 30 breastfed neonates (average duration of breastfeeding, 3 to 6 months, range 2.5-5.8 months) and 30 matched bottlefed controls were similarly studied. The third study consisted of 37 infants exclusively breastfed for the first 6 weeks of life or longer; these infants had older siblings diagnosed as having an atopic disease. The controls consisted of 37 bottlefed infants who also had an older sibling with an allergic disease. In both the Indian and Canadian studies, all breastfed infants had significantly lower incidence of respiratory and diarrheal diseases and of complications such as pneumonia and dehydration (p0.001 in the Indian study; in the Canadian study, p.001 for respiratory infection and otitis media, p0.01 for diarrhea and p0.1 for dehydration) compared with bottlefed infants. In the study of infants with family history of atopy, breastfed infants had a marked reduction in the incidence of clinical atopic eczema and of recurrent allergic wheezing. High levels of serum IgE were seen in a large number of bottlefed infants, as were eosinophilia; IgE antibodies to cow's milk protein (40% of bottlefed babies); hemagglutinating antibodies (84%), and; complement activation in vivo after milk challenge. These findings support the claim that breastmilk provides immunologic benefits to the infant. They also show that 6 weeks of exclusive breastfeeding is effective in reducing the possibility of hypersensitivity and the incidence of manifest allergic disease in susceptible infants.
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PMID:Prospective studies of the effect of breast feeding on incidence of infection and allergy. 11 34

In August-October 1973 several NAG vibrio strains were isolated for the first time in our country from clinical cases of acute intestinal disturbances. The patients were admitted to hospital being clinically suspect of dysenteric syndrome or alimentary toxiinfection (nausea, vomiting, abdominal colics, tenesms, mucosanguinolent stools, aqeous stools from 4-5 up to 20 in 24 hours, with signs of dehydration). NAG vibrios were isolated from all the cultures in, practically, pure cultures. Epidemiologic survey in the village of B resulted in isolation of the same NAG vibrio strains from the samples collected from the direct contacts and drinking water sources. Therefore, NAG vibrios can unquestionably cause a diarrheic disease and it will be necessary to extend the bacteriologic diangosis also in this direction in all cases of diarrhea of "unknown etiology".
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PMID:[Gastrointestinal disorders caused by non-agglutinable (NAG) vibrios]. 12 99


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